Cognitive function in the prefrailty and frailty syndrome
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: To explore the relationship between cognitive function and frailty. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study using data from Wave 1 of The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, a population representative study of adults aged 50 and older in the Republic of Ireland. SETTING: Community-dwelling adults completed a home- or health center-based nurse-led assessment. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals aged 50 and older without a history of stroke, Parkinson's disease, or severe cognitive impairment (Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score <18) and not taking antidepressants (N = 4,649). MEASUREMENTS: A cognitive battery including MMSE, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Color Trails Test, Cambridge Mental Disorders of the Elderly Examination memory and executive function subtests, 10-word recall, Sustained Attention to Response Task, and choice reaction time was used to generate composite scores of cognitive domains. Frailty was assessed according to weakness, slowness, exhaustion, low physical activity, and weight loss. RESULTS: After full adjustment, cognitive function across all domains except self-rated memory and processing speed was significantly worse in prefrail and frail participants (P < .05) than in those who were robust. Weakness and walking speed were most consistently linked to poorer cognition, whereas low activity and weight loss were not independently associated with any cognitive domain. Exhaustion was associated with global cognition (B = -0.18 ± 0.06), with some evidence of links to objectively measured and self-rated memory. CONCLUSION: Cognitive function is worse across multiple cognitive domains in prefrail and frail individuals aged 50 and older than in those who are robust, although the absolute differences are small after adjusting for confounding factors.
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Age-related memory impairment or more established forms of cognitive impairment are frequently associated with poor recall and therefore the lack of an accurate history of events.
“Age-related memory impairment or more established forms of cognitive impairment are frequently associated with poor recall and therefore the lack of an accurate history of events.”
From 2018 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope (2018) · cites this paper as [393]
The Assessment of Cognitive Function section describes recall tests, and the Results report poorer memory scores in prefrail and frail participants. Neither section addresses whether age-related or established cognitive impairment causes inaccurate recall of events or an unreliable history; searches for poor recall and history of events found no such passage. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn patients with cognitive impairment, details of prodromal symptoms, whether loss of consciousness occurred, and symptoms after the event may be unreliable.
“In such circumstances, details of prodromal symptoms, whether or not LOC occurred, and symptoms after the event may be unreliable. 373,389,391-394”
From 2018 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope (2018) · cites this paper as [393]
The Assessment of Cognitive Function section describes memory tests, and the Population section notes that people with severe cognitive impairment were excluded (page numbers not provided). Neither addresses the reliability of accounts of prodromal symptoms, loss of consciousness, or symptoms after an event. Searches for those terms and for syncope and event recall found no relevant passage. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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2018 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope
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- Authors
- Robertson, D. A., Savva, G. M., Coen, R. F., & Kenny, R.
- Affiliations
- Trinity College Dublin (IE)
- University of East Anglia (GB)
- St. James's Hospital (IE)
- Corresponding author
- Robertson, Deirdre A.
- Venue
- Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-11
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2118-2124
- ISSN
- 0002-8614 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-5415
- OpenAlex
- W2006661109
- Cited by
- 166
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 17
- FWCI
- 7.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Trinity's Access to Research Output (TARA) (Trinity College Dublin) (submittedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Atlantic Philanthropies
- Irish Government
- Irish Life plc
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Keywords
- frailty, pre-frailty, cognitive function, older adults, physical weakness, walking speed, exhaustion, physical activity, weight loss, memory, executive function, processing speed, cognitive domain
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Cognition Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Dementia, Female, Humans, Ireland, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Mental Status Schedule, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Nursing Assessment, Syndrome, Frail Elderly, Disease Progression
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