Life cycle impacts and benefits of wood along the value chain: the case of Switzerland
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Summary: Sustainable use of wood may contribute to coping with energy and material resource challenges. The goal of this study is to increase knowledge of the environmental effects of wood use by analyzing the complete value chain of all wooden goods produced or consumed in Switzerland. We start from a material flow analysis of current wood use in Switzerland. Environmental impacts related to the material flows are evaluated using life cycle assessment–based environmental indicators. Regarding climate change, we find an overall average benefit of 0.5 tonnes carbon dioxide equivalent per cubic meter of wood used. High environmental benefits are often achieved when replacing conventional heat production and energy‐consuming materials in construction and furniture. The environmental performance of wood is, however, highly dependent on its use and environmental indicators. To exploit the mitigation potential of wood, we recommend to (1) apply its use where there are high substitution benefits like the replacement of fossil fuels for energy or energy‐intensive building materials, (2) take appropriate measures to minimize negative effects like particulate matter emissions, and (3) keep a systems perspective to weigh effects like substitution and cascading against each other in a comprehensive manner. The results can provide guidance for further in‐depth studies and prospective analyses of wood‐use scenarios.
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When forests are underexploited, an increased cascading use would lead to an underutilization of their full carbon storage potential.
“Similarly, Suter et al. (2017) conclude that when forests are underexploited, an increased cascading use would lead to an underutilization of their full carbon storage potential.”
From Transforming the bio-based sector towards a circular economy: What can we learn from wood cascading? (2020) · cites this paper as Suter et al., 2017
The Methodology section says that, in underused Swiss forests, additional cascading would primarily reduce wood extraction unless demand increased. The Introduction says underused forests do not fully realize their climate-mitigation potential, but it does not conclude that cascading underutilizes forests’ carbon-storage potential specifically; it also notes that forest wood stocks are increasing. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBiogenic carbon emissions have negligible impacts in the long term.
“A similar problem arises when accounting for biogenic carbon emissions, as their impacts are negligible in the long term (Suter et al., 2017).”
From Transforming the bio-based sector towards a circular economy: What can we learn from wood cascading? (2020) · cites this paper as Suter et al., 2017
In Discussion > Further Limitations, the paper says the long-term effects of biogenic CO2 emissions are negligible *in comparison to fossil CO2*. The citing sentence omits that comparator and presents the impacts as negligible without qualification. The paper also says their impact is considerable over time frames of 100 years or less. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPrioritizing one use over the other depends on many factors and in general varies with the selected evaluation criteria.
“Prioritizing one use over the other depends on many factors and in general varies with the selected evaluation criteria (Bais-Moleman et al., 2018;Suter et al., 2017;Werner et al., 2010).”
From Transforming the bio-based sector towards a circular economy: What can we learn from wood cascading? (2020) · cites this paper as Suter et al., 2017
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- Authors
- Suter, F., Steubing, B., & Hellweg, S.
- Affiliations
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Suter, Florian
- Venue
- Journal of Industrial Ecology
- Published
- 2016-09-26
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 874-886
- ISSN
- 1088-1980 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-9290
- PMC
- PMC13061803
- OpenAlex
- W2529157349
- Cited by
- 109
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 4.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Industrial Ecology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- ETH Zürich Research Collection (cc-by)
- Funders
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (136612)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental Impact and Sustainability
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Sustainability and Ecological Systems Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Forest Management and Policy
- Keywords
- wood utilization, wood value chain, climate change mitigation, CO2 emissions, material flow analysis, life cycle assessment, wood substitute, building materials, furniture, particulate emissions, cascading effects, Switzerland
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