Effects of virtual reality on pain, fear and anxiety during blood draw in children aged 5-12 years old: a randomised controlled study
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AIM AND OBJECTIVES: Virtual reality (VR) can be used during painful procedures in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of two different VR methods on procedure-related pain, fear and anxiety of children aged 5-12 years old during blood draw. METHODS: This randomised controlled study used parallel trial design guided by the CONSORT checklist, see Supporting Information. The sample of children (n = 136) was allocated to the VR-Rollercoaster (n = 45), VR-Ocean Rift (n = 45) and control group (n = 46) using blocked randomisation. The primary outcome was pain scores after the blood draw and fear and anxiety scores before and after the blood draw. Before the blood draw, fear and anxiety scores were assessed using self-report and reports from the parents and the researcher using the Child Fear Scale and Children's Anxiety Meter. After the blood draw, level of pain experienced was assessed using the Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale and the fear and anxiety levels experienced by the children during the blood draw were re-evaluated. RESULTS: Pain scores were found to be lower in the VR-Rollercoaster group and the VR-Ocean Rift group. A statistical difference was found between groups according to self-, parent- and researcher-reported fear and anxiety scores after blood draw. While being in VR-Rollercoaster and VR-Ocean Rift group reduced children's fear and anxiety, being in the control group increased fear levels by 20% and anxiety levels by 34.1%. CONCLUSIONS: VR is an effective method in reducing procedure-related pain, fear and anxiety in children aged 5-12 years old during blood draw. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Evidence-based guidelines and protocols should be created for nonpharmacological methods such as VR for procedural pain and anxiety in children.
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Virtual reality exposure has proven promising for BII phobia.
“Recently, virtual reality exposure has also proven promising (68–70).”
From Combined Fainting and Psychogenic Non-epileptic Seizures as Significant Therapy Hurdles in Blood-Injury-Injection Phobia: A Mini-Review and Case Report (2022) · cites this paper as [70]
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that VR reduced fear and anxiety during blood draws in children aged 5–12. But the intervention used rollercoaster and underwater VR environments during the procedure; the paper does not establish that VR exposure therapy is promising for people with blood-injection-injury phobia. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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- Authors
- Özalp Gerçeker, G., Ayar, D., Özdemir, E. Z., & Bektaş, M.
- Affiliations
- Pediatric Nursing Department Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Nursing Izmir Turkey
- Dokuz Eylül University (TR)
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Nursing
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2020-01-22
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 7-8
- Pages
- 1151-1161
- ISSN
- 0962-1067 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2702
- OpenAlex
- W2996784255
- Cited by
- 179
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 11.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Nursing (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pediatric Pain Management Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Oral Surgery › Dental Anxiety and Anesthesia Techniques
- Keywords
- virtual reality, procedural pain, fear, anxiety, venipuncture, children, non-pharmacological pain management, Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale
- MeSH terms
- Procedural Pain, Virtual Reality, Anxiety, Child, Child, Preschool, Fear, Female, Humans, Male, Pain Measurement, Parents, Phlebotomy, Checklist, Self Report
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