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Cited by 44Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and EducationArtificial Intelligence ApplicationsTechnology and Human Factors in Education and Health

Nurse leaders' and digital service developers' perceptions of the future role of artificial intelligence in specialized medical care: an interview study

Open access
Laukka, Elina, Hammarén, Mira, Kanste, Outi·2022·Journal of Nursing Management
DOI 10.1111/jonm.13769PMC PMC10087264
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Abstract

AIM: To describe nurse leaders' and digital service developers' perceptions of the future role of artificial intelligence (AI) in specialized medical care. BACKGROUND: Use of AI has rapidly increased in health care. However, nurse leaders' and developers' perceptions of AI and its future in specialized medical care remain under-researched. METHOD: Descriptive qualitative methodology was applied. Data were collected through six focus groups, and interviews with nurse leaders (n = 20) and digital service developers (n = 10) conducted remotely in 2021 at a university hospital in Finland. The data were subjected to inductive content analysis. RESULTS: The data yielded 25 sub-categories, 10 categories and three main categories of participants' perceptions. The main categories were designated AI transforming: work, care and services and organizations. CONCLUSIONS: According to our respondents, AI will have a significant future role in specialized medical care, but it will likely reinforce, rather than replace, clinicians or traditional care. They also believe that it may have several positive consequences for clinicians' and leaders' work as well as for organizations and patients. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: Nurse leaders should be familiar with the potential of AI, but also aware of risks. Such leaders may provide betters support for development of AI-based health services that improve clinicians' workflows.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

Nurse leaders and digital service developers in a Finnish university hospital expected AI to significantly transform specialized medical care, especially work, care/services, and organizations. They largely saw AI as reinforcing rather than replacing clinicians or traditional care.

Key findings

  • Inductive content analysis produced 25 sub-categories, 10 categories, and three main categories: AI transforming work, care and services, and organizations.
  • Participants expected AI to free clinicians’ time, take over routine tasks such as patient recording and medicine distribution, and support leaders and clinicians, while not replacing human interaction, traditional services, or humans in future.
  • AI was perceived to increase customer orientation of services, patient safety, personalized care, and service availability, and to strengthen proactive data management, save resources, increase productivity/efficiency, and modernize organizations’ image and internal interactions.
  • Respondents believed AI’s significance in specialized medical care will increase, but that it will operate beside humanity and remain supplementary rather than making ultimate clinical decisions.

Methods

  • Descriptive qualitative study at a Finnish university hospital with 828 beds and 7117 personnel; participants were frontline and middle nurse leaders (n = 20) and digital service developers (n = 10) working in specialized medical care, recruited via purposive and snowball sampling.
  • Data were collected between July and November 2021 using Microsoft Teams: six focus groups with leaders (three or four members each) and individual interviews with developers; a semi-structured guide covered competence, leadership, work wellbeing, and AI; total interview duration was 1011 min, yielding 333 transcript pages.
  • Inductive content analysis was conducted with NVivo; 136 codes were grouped into 25 sub-categories, 10 categories, and three main categories, with two researchers analyzing independently and a third researcher consulted; COREQ was followed.

Limitations

  • The paper states that all participants worked in specialized medical care units, most were female, and the study was single-centre in one Finnish university hospital, so findings may not transfer to other organizations, hospitals, or countries; transcripts were not returned to participants, and qualitative interview studies are subject to social desirability bias.
  • Evident from the design and the paper’s own conclusions: the sample included only nurse leaders and digital service developers, not clinicians or patients, so the findings reflect those two groups’ perceptions and the paper calls for further research from clinician and patient perspectives.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/jonm.13769

Cites

29 of 29 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 30 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    The data yielded 25 sub-categories, 10 categories and three main categories of participants' perceptions.

    “The data yielded 25 sub‐categories, 10 categories and three main categories of participants' perceptions.”
    • Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
      “These main categories included 10 categories, which included 25 sub‐categories (Table 4).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The main categories were AI transforming work, care and services, and organizations.

    “The main categories were designated AI transforming: work, care and services and organizations.”
    • Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
      “These are AI transforming: (1) work, (2) care and services and (3) organizations (Figure 2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    According to the respondents, AI will have a significant future role in specialized medical care.

    “According to our respondents, AI will have a significant future role in specialized medical care, but it will likely reinforce, rather than replace, clinicians or traditional care.”
    • Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
      “AI will have a significant and major role in the future”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Participants did not perceive that AI will be able to replace traditional care.

    “In short, they did not perceive that AI will be able to replace traditional care.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Participants did not believe that AI will replace clinicians.

    “They do not believe that AI will not replace clinicians since they make the ultimate decisions concerning patient care, and AI cannot replace encounters with real humans (AI cannot replicate—or is not suitable for—human‐based interaction).”
    • Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
      “In our study leaders and developers were unanimous that AI will not replace clinicians, but rather be a supportive tool and replace only routine tasks.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 107
  • May combine two claims. 26

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    AI transforms and enables tasks.

    “AI transforms and enables tasks”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    AI will not replace interaction.

    “AI will not replace interaction”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    AI improves patient safety.

    “AI improves patient safety”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Findingown data

    AI replaces some work tasks.

    “AI replaces some work tasks”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingnone given

    AI's role will increase in future.

    “AI's role will increase in future”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    AI will not replace humans in future.

    “AI will not replace humans in future”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    AI increases the need for IT clinicians.

    “AI increases the need for IT clinicians”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    AI frees up clinicians' time.

    “AI frees up clinicians' time”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingown data

    AI supports leaders and clinicians.

    “AI supports leaders and clinicians”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingown data

    AI will not replace all traditional services.

    “AI will not replace all traditional services”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    AI enhances personalized care.

    “AI enhances personalized care”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    AI increases patients' active role in their care.

    “AI increases patients' active role in their care”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    AI makes clinicians' work easier.

    “AI makes clinicians' work easier”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingown data

    AI can enhance clinicians' interactions with patients.

    “AI can enhance clinicians' interactions with patients”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    AI foresees the future.

    “AI foresees the future”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    AI takes over routine work.

    “AI takes over routine work”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    AI enables more efficient data management.

    “AI enables more efficient data management”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    AI enhances services and their availability.

    “AI enhances services and their availability”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingown data

    According to the respondents, AI may have several positive consequences for clinicians' and leaders' work as well as for organizations and patients.

    “They also believe that it may have several positive consequences for clinicians' and leaders' work as well as for organizations and patients.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    AI can distribute medicines.

    “AI can distribute medicines”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    AI increases productivity.

    “AI increases productivity”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    AI changes organization's image.

    “AI changes organization's image”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingown data

    The participating nurse leaders and developers believed that AI will free up clinicians' time.

    “The participating nurse leaders and developers expressed beliefs that AI will transform work in specialized medical care, free up clinicians' time and thus enable more interaction with patients.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    AI shapes interactions in an organization.

    “AI shapes interactions in an organization”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingown data

    The participating nurse leaders and developers believed that AI will enable more interaction with patients.

    “The participating nurse leaders and developers expressed beliefs that AI will transform work in specialized medical care, free up clinicians' time and thus enable more interaction with patients.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingown data

    The participating nurse leaders and developers believed that AI will transform work in specialized medical care.

    “The participating nurse leaders and developers expressed beliefs that AI will transform work in specialized medical care, free up clinicians' time and thus enable more interaction with patients.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    AI increases efficiency.

    “AI increases efficiency”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    AI saves resources.

    “AI saves resources”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The interviewees stated that the questions were understandable.

    “The interviewees stated that the questions were understandable.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Interviewees believed that AI will revolutionize organizations and their brands by making them essentially high-tech.

    “Finally, according to our interviewees, AI will modernize organizations' actions by changing their images and shaping internal interactions, revolutionizing organizations and their brands by making them essentially high‐tech.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Interviewees perceived that AI could potentially increase patient contact through technology.

    “The interviewees also perceived that AI could have positive effects by enabling new ways of working, potentially increasing patient contact through technology, and certainly introducing new training requirements.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Interviewees perceived that AI solutions can be used in care pathways to collect anamneses or conduct interviews.

    “For example, AI solutions can be used in care pathways to collect anamneses or conduct interviews.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingown data

    Participating leaders and developers believed that AI will transform medical care and services by operating beside humanity.

    “According to the participating leaders and developers, AI will transform medical care and services by operating beside humanity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingown data

    Participants suggested that AI would leave clinicians more time to focus on other demanding tasks currently beyond AI.

    “They also suggested that AI would perform more patient recording and routine work, leaving clinicians more time to focus on other demanding tasks currently beyond AI.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingown data

    Participants suggested that AI would perform more patient recording and routine work.

    “They also suggested that AI would perform more patient recording and routine work, leaving clinicians more time to focus on other demanding tasks currently beyond AI.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Interviewees perceived that AI could provide management tools for leaders.

    “Interviewees also expressed perceptions that AI could support leaders and clinicians in their work, inter alia by providing management tools for leaders.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingown data

    Participants believed that AI may decrease the work of employees such as frontline leaders or secretaries by taking over some of their duties (e.g., patient registration).

    “On the other hand, AI may decrease the work of employees such as frontline leaders or secretaries by taking over some of their duties (e.g., patient registration).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingown data

    Interviewees perceived that AI could have positive effects by enabling new ways of working.

    “The interviewees also perceived that AI could have positive effects by enabling new ways of working, potentially increasing patient contact through technology, and certainly introducing new training requirements.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingown data

    According to interviewees, AI will complement human intelligence and memory.

    “According to interviewees, AI will become a co‐worker, performing work tasks, advising, anticipating actions and enhancing work by reducing human error and complementing human intelligence and memory.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Participants felt that AI would potentially increase productivity.

    “The analysis also showed that participants felt that AI would enhance organizational activities, save resources and potentially increase productivity, as a much‐needed supplement.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Interviewees believed that interactions within organizations will become increasingly networked as AI enables different modes of communication.

    “They also believed that interactions within organizations will become increasingly networked as AI enables different modes of communication.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingown data

    Interviewees perceived that AI enhances patient safety.

    “The interviewees expressed perceptions that AI increases the customer orientation of services, thereby enhancing patient safety, patients' inputs in their own care, personalized care and services and their availability.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Interviewees perceived that AI would certainly introduce new training requirements.

    “The interviewees also perceived that AI could have positive effects by enabling new ways of working, potentially increasing patient contact through technology, and certainly introducing new training requirements.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    According to interviewees, AI will anticipate actions.

    “According to interviewees, AI will become a co‐worker, performing work tasks, advising, anticipating actions and enhancing work by reducing human error and complementing human intelligence and memory.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Interviewees perceived that AI may facilitate provision of services for people who live in remote areas.

    “AI may also facilitate provision of services who live in remote areas.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Interviewees perceived that robotics may enable more precise and less invasive surgeries.

    “It increases patient safety by decreasing the subjectivity of clinicians' interpretations, for example, when making diagnoses, and robotics may enable more precise and less invasive surgeries.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    According to interviewees, AI will enhance work by reducing human error.

    “According to interviewees, AI will become a co‐worker, performing work tasks, advising, anticipating actions and enhancing work by reducing human error and complementing human intelligence and memory.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Interviewees perceived that AI enhances patients' inputs in their own care.

    “The interviewees expressed perceptions that AI increases the customer orientation of services, thereby enhancing patient safety, patients' inputs in their own care, personalized care and services and their availability.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Interviewees believed that AI will modernize organizations' actions by changing their images.

    “Finally, according to our interviewees, AI will modernize organizations' actions by changing their images and shaping internal interactions, revolutionizing organizations and their brands by making them essentially high‐tech.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Interviewees believed that AI will shape internal interactions.

    “Finally, according to our interviewees, AI will modernize organizations' actions by changing their images and shaping internal interactions, revolutionizing organizations and their brands by making them essentially high‐tech.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingown data

    Participants felt that AI would enhance organizational activities.

    “The analysis also showed that participants felt that AI would enhance organizational activities, save resources and potentially increase productivity, as a much‐needed supplement.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingown data

    Interviewees perceived that AI enhances personalized care and services.

    “The interviewees expressed perceptions that AI increases the customer orientation of services, thereby enhancing patient safety, patients' inputs in their own care, personalized care and services and their availability.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingown data

    Participants believed that AI cannot replace encounters with real humans or human-based interaction.

    “They do not believe that AI will not replace clinicians since they make the ultimate decisions concerning patient care, and AI cannot replace encounters with real humans (AI cannot replicate—or is not suitable for—human‐based interaction).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Interviewees perceived that AI may enable patients to become more active, for instance by ordering food automatically or staying home with the assistance of AI.

    “It may also enable patients to become more active, for instance, ordering food automatically or staying home with the assistance of AI.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingown data

    Interviewees perceived that AI is transforming organizations that provide specialized medical care.

    “The interviewees expressed perceptions that AI is transforming organizations that provide specialized medical care and that its significance in specialized medical care will increase.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingown data

    Interviewees perceived that AI increases the customer orientation of services.

    “The interviewees expressed perceptions that AI increases the customer orientation of services, thereby enhancing patient safety, patients' inputs in their own care, personalized care and services and their availability.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Interviewees perceived that AI increases patient safety by decreasing the subjectivity of clinicians' interpretations, for example when making diagnoses.

    “It increases patient safety by decreasing the subjectivity of clinicians' interpretations, for example, when making diagnoses, and robotics may enable more precise and less invasive surgeries.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Participants believed that the number of IT professionals will grow with the use of AI.

    “For example, the number of IT professionals (who understand how AI works and affects information security) will grow with the use of AI.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Interviewees perceived that AI may support preventive care.

    “AI may enable more personalized services and support preventive care.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    According to participants, AI will transform work by increasing, replacing and enabling tasks.

    “The results show that, according to our participants, AI will transform work by increasing, replacing and enabling tasks.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingown data

    According to interviewees, AI will become a co-worker.

    “According to interviewees, AI will become a co‐worker, performing work tasks, advising, anticipating actions and enhancing work by reducing human error and complementing human intelligence and memory.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingown data

    Participants believed that clinicians make the ultimate decisions concerning patient care.

    “They do not believe that AI will not replace clinicians since they make the ultimate decisions concerning patient care, and AI cannot replace encounters with real humans (AI cannot replicate—or is not suitable for—human‐based interaction).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    According to interviewees, AI will advise.

    “According to interviewees, AI will become a co‐worker, performing work tasks, advising, anticipating actions and enhancing work by reducing human error and complementing human intelligence and memory.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingown data

    Interviewees perceived that AI's significance in specialized medical care will increase.

    “The interviewees expressed perceptions that AI is transforming organizations that provide specialized medical care and that its significance in specialized medical care will increase.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingown data

    According to interviewees, AI will perform work tasks.

    “According to interviewees, AI will become a co‐worker, performing work tasks, advising, anticipating actions and enhancing work by reducing human error and complementing human intelligence and memory.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Participants felt that AI would save resources.

    “The analysis also showed that participants felt that AI would enhance organizational activities, save resources and potentially increase productivity, as a much‐needed supplement.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingown data

    Interviewees perceived that AI could support leaders and clinicians in their work.

    “Interviewees also expressed perceptions that AI could support leaders and clinicians in their work, inter alia by providing management tools for leaders.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingown data

    Interviewees perceived that AI enhances the availability of services.

    “The interviewees expressed perceptions that AI increases the customer orientation of services, thereby enhancing patient safety, patients' inputs in their own care, personalized care and services and their availability.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    According to our results, AI will facilitate and transform clinicians' work by freeing up time for patient care and taking over routine work, and may provide assistance and support for clinicians in patient care.

    “According to our results, AI will facilitate and transform clinicians' work by freeing up time for patient care and transforming tasks by taking over routine work, and may provide assistance and support for clinicians in patient care.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Nurse leaders have recognized AI's potential in analysing big data and expect AI to strengthen proactive data management.

    “Nurse leaders have certainly recognized AI's potential in analysing ‘big data’, and they expect AI to strengthen proactive data management.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The use of a semi-structured interview guide fostered the emergence of relevant content from participants.

    “Use of the semi‐structured interview guide fostered the emergence of relevant content from participants (Polit & Beck, 2017).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Polit & Beck, 2017

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The interview guide was pretested in a focus group with four leaders and individual interviews with two digital service developers.

    “The guide (Table 1) was pretested in a focus group with four leaders and individual interviews with two digital service developers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Study design and conductcitation

    Purposive sampling was used to acquire rich data.

    “Initially, purposive sampling was used to acquire rich data (Polit & Beck, 2017).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Polit & Beck, 2017

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    Study design and conductnone given

    Written consent was obtained from each participant electronically.

    “Written consent was then obtained from each participant electronically.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Study design and conductnone given

    The third researcher was consulted, and the researchers reached consensus regarding the categories' content and assigned names to the categories.

    “Finally, the third researcher was consulted, the researchers reached consensus regarding the categories' content, and assigned names to the categories.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Study design and conductnone given

    To improve confirmability, the third researcher checked that the findings were solely shaped by the collected data rather than researcher bias.

    “To improve confirmability, the third researcher checked, as far as possible, that the findings were solely shaped by the collected data rather than researcher bias.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Study design and conductcitation

    To ensure authenticity, the paper includes citations illustrating the connection between the findings and data.

    “In efforts to ensure authenticity we have included citations illustrating the connection between the findings and data (Kyngäs et al., 2020).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kyngäs et al., 2020

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    Study design and conductown data

    Two researchers initially conducted the data analysis, and after forming the main categories they conferred with a third researcher.

    “Two researchers (EL, MH) initially conducted the data analysis, and after forming the main categories they conferred with the third researcher (OK).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Study design and conductnone given

    Research permission was granted, and the participating organization considered ethical aspects of the study.

    “However, research permission was granted, and the participating organization considered ethical aspects of the study.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Study design and conductnone given

    To enable readers to judge transferability, the paper provides relevant contextual information about the study setting and participants.

    “To enable readers to judge the findings' transferability, we have provided relevant contextual information about the study setting and participants.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Study design and conductcitation

    No formal ethical approval was required according to the hospital's Research Ethics Committee.

    “No formal ethical approval was required according to the hospital's Research Ethics Committee, since the interviews did not concern patients, minors or anyone with any category of physical or mental exemption from the ability to provide informed consent (World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki, 2013).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki, 2013

      Not checked in the free run.

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    Premisecitation

    The trustworthiness of qualitative research depends on its credibility, dependability, confirmability, authenticity and transferability.

    “The trustworthiness of qualitative research depends on its credibility, dependability, confirmability, authenticity and transferability (Kyngäs et al., 2020; Lincoln & Guba, 1985).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Kyngäs et al., 2020

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    • cites Lincoln & Guba, 1985

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    All phases of content analysis were first done independently, and after each phase, the two researchers discussed the analytical process.

    “All phases of content analysis were first done independently, and after each phase, the two researchers discussed the analytical process.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The inductive content analysis procedure, involving two researchers initially conducting it independently and the third researcher commenting on categories and comparing them to original data, was designed to strengthen dependability.

    “The inductive content analysis procedure described above, involving two researchers initially conducting the independently then the third researcher commenting on the categories and comparing them to original data, was designed to strengthen dependability.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The study followed the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) during all relevant stages.

    “During all relevant stages of the study, we followed the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) (Tong et al., 2007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Tong et al., 2007

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim, with tape recording as a back-up.

    “With the participants' permission, the interviews were audio‐recorded using Microsoft Teams then transcribed verbatim, with tape recording as a back‐up.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The researchers sought to maximize credibility by selecting appropriate interviewees and ensuring data saturation.

    “We sought to maximize the credibility of our work, within time and resource constraints, by selecting appropriate interviewees and ensuring that the data were saturated.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Inductive content analysis provides a systematic and objective means of describing poorly understood phenomena.

    “The data were subjected to inductive content analysis, because it provides a systematic and objective means of describing poorly understood phenomena (Kyngäs et al., 2020).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kyngäs et al., 2020

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    According to relevant methodological literature, the numbers of interviewees and focus groups were appropriate.

    “According to relevant methodological literature, numbers of both the interviewees and focus groups were appropriate (Tong et al., 2007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Tong et al., 2007

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Before the interviews, participants received written and spoken information concerning the study and researchers, and data protection notification.

    “Before the interviews, participants received written and spoken information concerning the study and researchers, and data protection notification.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    A qualitative design was chosen because it is suitable for exploring phenomena that are poorly and incompletely understood.

    “A qualitative design was chosen since it is suitable for exploring phenomena that are poorly and incompletely understood (Polit & Beck, 2017).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Polit & Beck, 2017

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    High-tech organizations may lure potential employees who believe that AI improves their workflows and makes work more diverse.

    “High‐tech organizations may, for example, lure potential employees who believe that AI improves their workflows and makes work more diverse.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The results indicate that AI will affect organizations' brands by making them appear high-tech to people, which may be advantageous from a customer or employee perspective.

    “Our results indicate that AI will affect organizations' brands by making them appear ‘high‐tech’ to people, which may be advantageous from a customer or employee perspective.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    AI will most likely improve patient experiences, for instance by helping the identification of high-risk population groups and assistance with health monitoring.

    “Accordingly, a previous study concluded that AI will most likely improve patient experiences, for instance by helping the identification of high‐risk population groups and assistance with health monitoring (Chen & Decary, 2020).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Chen & Decary, 2020

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Physicians want to understand how machine learning processes data so they can judge the trustworthiness of suggestions provided by AI.

    “Although AI enhances decision making, physicians want to understand how machine learning processes data so they can judge the trustworthiness of suggestions provided by AI (Diprose et al., 2020).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Diprose et al., 2020

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The COVID-19 pandemic markedly increased health care professionals' workloads, but some AI applications developed for early COVID-19 diagnosis eased some of the increase.

    “For example, the COVID‐19 pandemic markedly increased health care professionals' workloads, but some AI, such as applications developed for early COVID‐19 diagnosis, eased some of the increase (Vaishya et al., 2020).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Vaishya et al., 2020

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    AI will not be making decisions; clinicians will always be responsible for ultimate decision-making or diagnoses.

    “This implies that AI will not be making decisions—clinicians will always be responsible for ultimate decision‐making or diagnoses.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The only clinicians who will lose their jobs because of AI are those who refuse to work alongside it.

    “indeed, Davenport and Kalakota (2019) conclude that the only clinicians who will lose their jobs because of AI are those who refuse to work alongside it.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Davenport and Kalakota (2019)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Our results suggest that AI will not replace traditional care and services, but will probably increase the orientation of services towards the customer, for example by improving patient safety and enhancing personalized care.

    “Our results suggest that AI will not replace traditional care and services, but it will probably increase the orientation of services towards the customer, for example by improving patient safety and enhancing personalized care.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    There is concern that use of robots in care may affect the clinician-patient relationship.

    “However, there is concern that use of robots in care may affect the clinician‐patient relationship (Moyle et al., 2019), so AI should be used to enhance care rather than replace clinicians (Buchanan et al., 2020).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Moyle et al., 2019

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Leaders are responsible for designing organizations' AI strategies.

    “For leaders, understanding AI is required since they are responsible for designing organizations' AI strategies (Chen & Decary, 2020).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Chen & Decary, 2020

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Our results are consistent with the conclusion that humans and machines have unique strengths and weaknesses, so they are more likely to complement each other in the optimization and provision of health care.

    “To conclude, our results seem to be consistent with a conclusion by Chen and Decary (2020), that humans and machines have unique strengths and weaknesses, so instead of one replacing the other, they are more likely to complement each other in the optimization and provision of health care.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Chen and Decary (2020)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The amount of patient data is increasing.

    “One reason to utilize more AI is the increasing amount of patient data (Chen & Decary, 2020).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Chen & Decary, 2020

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    AI enhances workflows and creates new roles and tasks in nursing.

    “Earlier research supports our findings that AI enhances workflows and creates new roles and tasks in nursing (Buchanan et al., 2020).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Buchanan et al., 2020

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    AI is developing rapidly.

    “The rapid development of AI also supports our finding (Yu et al., 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Yu et al., 2018

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    AI implementation has been set as a strategic goal by organizations such as the European Commission.

    “The significance of AI seems certain to increase in future, partly because its implementation has been set as a strategic goal by organizations such as the European Commission (European Commission, 2020).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites European Commission, 2020

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Clinicians require some understanding of how AI works and how they can assess the clinical worth of its suggestions.

    “It has also been suggested that clinicians require some understanding of how AI works and how they can assess the clinical worth of its suggestions (Scott et al., 2021).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Scott et al., 2021

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Our results indicate that AI's role in the future will be as an assistant rather than an independent agent.

    “Our results indicate that AI's role in the future will be as an assistant rather than an independent agent.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Because all participants worked in specialized medical care units and most were female, the results might not be transferable to other organizations.

    “Since all our participants worked in specialized medical care units, and most were females, the results might not be transferable to other organizations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Organizational structures can foster positive clinicians' attitudes towards AI and provide opportunities for involvement in all stages of AI creation.

    “Nurse leaders may also assist the establishment of organizational structures that foster positive clinicians' attitudes towards AI and provide them opportunities to be involved in all stages of AI creation (Ronquillo et al., 2021).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ronquillo et al., 2021

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    AI will not replace clinicians or traditional services, but more likely reinforce them.

    “However, it will not replace clinicians or traditional services, but more likely reinforce them.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    During interviews, all participants confirmed their statements by affirming they had nothing to add, suggesting they had given detailed information.

    “However, during the interviews, all the participants confirmed their statements by affirming that they had nothing to add, suggesting that they had given detailed information.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.

    “The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Transcripts were not returned to participants to comment on them or confirm their authenticity.

    “In addition, the transcripts were not returned to participants to comment on them or confirm their authenticity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Nurse leaders who are familiar with AI may provide better support for clinicians, management of organizations' big data, and organizational resilience.

    “Nurse leaders who are familiar with AI may provide better support for clinicians, management of organizations' big data, and organizational resilience.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Premisecitation

    It is crucial for leaders to understand the state of AI technologies and the ways they may be used to improve service efficiency, access, and safety.

    “Thus, as stated by Chen and Decary (2020), it is crucial for leaders to understand the state of AI technologies and the ways they may be used to improve service efficiency, access, and safety.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Chen and Decary (2020)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Research permission was granted by the participating organization.

    “Research permission was granted by participating organization.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    No Research Ethics Committee approval was required because the interviews did not concern patients or minors and did not intervene with physical or mental integrity.

    “Following the requirements of the research organization, no Research Ethics Committee approval was required since the interviews did not concern patients or minors, and the interviews did not intervene with physical or mental impunity (World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki, 2013).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki, 2013

      Not checked in the free run.

118 of 118

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Nurse leaders' and digital service developers' perceptions of AI and its future in specialized medical care remain under-researched.

    “However, nurse leaders' and developers' perceptions of AI and its future in specialized medical care remain under‐researched.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The university hospital where the study was conducted is a pioneer in the development and implementation of digital health services.

    “We focused on staff working in specialized medical care units at this hospital partly because it is a pioneer in the development and implementation of digital health services, such as digital pathways, Virtual Hospital systems, digital Health Village platforms, remote clinics, robotics and other innovative technological solutions.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Qualitative interview studies are inevitably subject to social desirability bias.

    “Finally, qualitative interview studies are inevitably subject to social desirability bias.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    AI is still novel in health care.

    “AI is still novel in health care, and there is a need to research it from different perspectives and its roles in different contexts (e.g., primary care).”
4 of 4

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Participants' enthusiasm about AI's capacity to facilitate early detection and intervention and relieve nurses from routine tasks mirrors earlier studies showing AI enhances clinical decision-making and optimizes workflow efficiency.

    “The fervor surrounding AI's capacity to facilitate early detection and intervention, coupled with its potential to relieve nurses from routine tasks, mirrors findings from earlier studies that accentuate AI's role in enhancing clinical decision-making and optimizing workflow efficiency [56,57].”

    From Artificial intelligence in future nursing care: exploring perspectives of nursing professionals - a descriptive qualitative study (2024) · cites this paper as [57]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Double negative reverses the stated view on replacing clinicians

    Minor

    The results say participants do not believe AI will *not* replace clinicians, whereas the discussion says they were unanimous that AI will not replace clinicians.

1 of 1

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Related

Authors
Laukka, E., Hammarén, M., & Kanste, O.
Affiliations
  • University of Oulu (FI)
  • Oulu University Hospital (FI)
Corresponding author
Laukka, Elina
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Nursing Management
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2022-08-21
Volume
30
Issue
8
Pages
3838-3846
ISSN
  • 0966-0429 (ISSN-L)
  • 1365-2834
DOI
10.1111/jonm.13769
PMC
PMC10087264
OpenAlex
W4291719097
Semantic Scholar
5ba7911e93bab3f57c967cc65ef2cadd58173193
Cited by
44
References
29
Citations by year
2026: 12 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1
FWCI
2.41
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Nursing Management (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Artificial Intelligence Applications
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Technology and Human Factors in Education and Health
Keywords
artificial intelligence, nurse leaders, specialist care, perceptions of AI, nursing management, AI risks, university hospital
MeSH terms
Artificial Intelligence, Humans, Leadership, Nurse Administrators, Focus Groups, Qualitative Research

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Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-09.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.

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