An intersectional analysis of the feminization of homelessness and mothers’ housing precarity

May combine two claims.

After shelter entry, Black families in Rodriguez and Shinn's study were disproportionately referred to CPS even after other demographic characteristics were controlled for, implicating racial bias as a contributor to the disproportionate referral of Black mothers.

“Perhaps more telling is that after shelter entry, Black families in their study were disproportionately referred to CPS even after other demographic characteristics were controlled for, implicating racial bias as a contributor to the disproportionate referral of Black mothers.”

• cites Rodriguez & Shinn, 2016 sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Mothers described feeling the economic effects of IPV immediately and over time, with fathers' evasion of shared financial responsibilities standing out as a more immediate and direct pathway into homelessness.

“Mothers described feeling the economic effects of IPV immediately and over time, with fathers' evasion of shared financial responsibilities standing out as a more immediate and direct pathways into homelessness.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The selected narratives are indicative of the routine challenges facing unhoused mothers.

May combine two claims.

In both pooled samples, the majority of respondents disclosed being survivors of IPV and/or other violence and described the impact on their economic and housing status (72% and 61%).

“the majority of respondents disclosed, often spontaneously, that they were survivors of IPV and/or other forms of violence and described the impact of these experiences on their economic and housing status (72% of Bullock and Truong's sample and 61% of Reppond's”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Pooling insights from two distinct interview studies is a powerful way to ground an intersectional analysis of mothers' pathways into homelessness.

May combine two claims.

Abuse was rarely isolated; multiple co-occurring forms of IPV worked together to deepen mothers' economic hardship and weaken housing security.

“Abuse was rarely isolated or singular; instead, multiple co-occurring forms of IPV worked in concert to deepen mothers' economic hardship and weaken housing security.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The selected narratives are indicative of the routine challenges facing unhoused mothers.

May combine two claims.

Louise, a Latinx mother of three, was evicted from subsidized Section 8 housing and had her children removed by Child Protective Services after she contacted the police about her boyfriend's abusive behavior, prompting chronic housing instability.

“When Louise contacted the police, Child Protective Services (CPS) removed her children and she was evicted from subsidized Section 8 housing, prompting a period of chronic housing instability.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The selected narratives are indicative of the routine challenges facing unhoused mothers.

May combine two claims.

Beyond an occasional arrest, none of our respondents described their partners as facing meaningful consequences, nor did greater housing or economic security appear to be on the horizon, underscoring the lack of institutional support for mothers experiencing IPV and homelessness.

“Beyond an occasional arrest, none of our respondents described their partners as facing meaningful consequences, nor did greater housing or economic security appear to be on the horizon, underscoring the lack of institutional support for mothers experiencing IPV and homelessness.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Unable to pay rent when Lydia's husband lost his job, Lydia and her family were evicted and entered a family shelter.

“Unable to pay their rent when Lydia's husband lost his job, they were evicted and entered a family shelter.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Lydia's husband lost his job and could not pay speeding and overweight tickets, leading to suspension of his class A license and unemployment.

“But because he lost his job, he wasn't able to pay the tickets, so now he has a suspension on his class A license, which is why he's not working right now.”

May combine two claims.

Lydia's medical debt was sent to a collection agency and remained on her credit record for seven years, making it difficult to pass a landlord's background check.

“This debt was sent to a collection agency and remained on her credit record for seven years, making it difficult to pass a landlord's background check.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Lydia accrued $10,000 in medical bills as a teenager from a car accident.

“As a teenager, she was in a car accident and accrued $10,000 in medical bills.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. The quote only partly states this claim.

The shared narratives document the discrimination and lack of protections that mothers encounter in the workplace, housing, social services, health care, financial services, education, and the legal system.

“Collectively, the shared narratives document the discrimination and lack of protections that mothers encounter in the workplace (e.g., lack of equal pay), housing (e.g., limited recourse to contest evictions), social services (e.g., restrictive shelter and welfare policies), health care (e.g., limited mental health resources), financial services (e.g., few prospects for restoring credit),”

May combine two claims.

Poor and unhoused women report higher rates of domestic violence than more economically secure, housed women, as well as greater violence during childhood and adolescence.

“poor and unhoused women report higher rates of domestic violence than more economically secure, housed women, as well as greater violence during childhood and adolescence (Olsen et al., 2013).”

• cites Olsen et al., 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

More than 80 percent of unhoused mothers report having experienced domestic violence, and 22 to 57 percent identify domestic violence as the immediate source of their housing precarity.

“More than 80 percent of unhoused mothers report having experienced domestic violence and 22 to 57 percent identify domestic violence as the immediate source of their housing precarity (Family and Youth Services Bureau, FYSB, 2016).”

• cites Family and Youth Services Bureau, FYSB, 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Prioritizing rent over utility payments damages credit, jeopardizing the likelihood of securing a new place to live.

“Although this dilemma is common among low-income mothers, prioritizing rent over utility payments also damages credit, jeopardizing the likelihood of securing a new place to live (Desmond, 2014).”

• cites Desmond, 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Many landlords will not rent to families with an eviction record and individuals who have been evicted may be banned from affordable housing programs.

“Many landlords will not rent to families with an eviction record and individuals who have been evicted may be banned from affordable housing programs (Desmond, 2014(Desmond, , 2016)).”

• cites Desmond, 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Desmond, 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In Desmond's analysis of court-ordered evictions in high-poverty Latinx Milwaukee neighborhoods, 1 in 86 male versus 1 in 40 female renters were evicted; in similarly poor white neighborhoods, 1 in 134 male versus 1 in 150 female renters were evicted.

“In Desmond's (2016) analysis of court-ordered evictions in high poverty, Latinx, Milwaukee neighborhoods, 1 in 86 male versus 1 in 40 female renters were evicted; in similarly poor white neighborhoods, 1 in 134 male versus 1 in 150 female renters were evicted.”

• cites Desmond, 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Reporting abuse can instigate evictions and hasten homelessness.

“Not only can reporting abuse instigate evictions and hasten homelessness, it may also increase the likelihood of CPS involvement and family separation, as was the case for Louise and other women we interviewed.”

May combine two claims.

Economic abuse receives limited attention by psychologists despite its centrality to women's financial security and well-being and its disproportionate impact on Black and Latinx women.

“economic abuse, a facet of IPV which includes tactics that limit women's ability to obtain, use, and maintain economic resources, receives limited attention by psychologists.Indeed, this remains the case despite its centrality to women's financial security and well-being and disproportionate impact on Black and Latinx women (Postmus et al., 2018;Sanders, 2015;Sharps-Jeff, 2015).”

• cites Postmus et al., 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Sanders, 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Sharps-Jeff, 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Poor and unhoused families, particularly those of color, are vulnerable to high levels of state surveillance via housing and child protective services, which are deeply intertwined.

“Poor and unhoused families, particularly those of color, are vulnerable to high levels of state surveillance via housing and child protective services, which are deeply intertwined.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In their respective studies and this pooled analysis, the authors continually reflected on positional similarities and differences among themselves and interviewees.

“In our respective studies and this pooled analysis, we continually reflected on positional similarities and differences among ourselves and interviewees.”

May combine two claims.

Common consequences of abuse-compromised mental health, reduced capacity to work outside the home, limited academic achievement, and medical, legal, and counseling bills-heighten mothers' risk of homelessness, interacting and culminating across abusive relationships.

“Common consequences of abusecompromised mental health, reduced capacity to work outside the home, limited academic achievement, and medical, legal, and counseling bills -all heighten mothers' risk of homelessness, interacting with each other and culminating across abusive relationships (Loya, 2014).”

• cites Loya, 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Lack of culturally-appropriate services, complex bureaucratic systems, and stigmatization based on race, poverty, and mental health status further complicate assistance-seeking and recovery, particularly among low-income women of color.

“Lack of culturally-appropriate services, complex bureaucratic systems, and stigmatization based on race, poverty, and mental health status further complicate assistanceseeking and recovery, particularly among low-income women of color (Matsumoto et al., 2020).”

• cites Matsumoto et al., 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Publicly-funded substance use and mental health services, typically the only programs that low-income women can afford, are chronically underfunded and difficult to access, if available at all.

“Publicly-funded substance use and mental health services, typically the only programs that low-income women can afford, are chronically underfunded and difficult to access, if available at all (National Alliance on Mental Health, 2011).”

• cites National Alliance on Mental Health, 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

One-strike housing policies are intended to bar people with specific criminal records from living in public housing, however, background checks are often employed more broadly to disqualify anyone with a criminal history.

“One-strike housing policies are intended to bar people with specific criminal records (e.g., sex offenders, methamphetamine manufacturers) from living in public housing, however, background checks are often employed more broadly to disqualify anyone with a criminal history.”

May combine two claims.

Despite ample evidence demonstrating that IPV, directly and indirectly, contributes to women's poverty and homelessness, neither law enforcement, survivor services, or social services are well equipped to address the structural factors that render women vulnerable to intimate partner violence or the financial consequences of leaving a relationship.

“Despite ample evidence demonstrating that IPV, directly and indirectly, contributes to women's poverty and homelessness (Browne et al., 1999;McLean & Gonzalez Bocinski, 2017, Moe & Bell, 2004), neither law enforcement, survivor services (e.g., emergency shelters, hotlines, legal assistance), or social services are well equipped to address the structural factors that render women vulnerable to Inti”

• cites Browne et al., 1999 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites McLean & Gonzalez Bocinski, 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Moe & Bell, 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Low-income People of Color, particularly African Americans, are disproportionately affected by both one-strike evictions and other punitive housing policies, with mothers often losing housing due to abusive partner's behaviors.

“Low-income People of Color, particularly African Americans, are disproportionately affected by both one-strike evictions and other punitive housing policies, with mothers often losing housing due to abusive partner's behaviors (King, 2010).”

• cites King, 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Although substance misuse is a risk factor for becoming homeless and compounds the difficulty of exiting homelessness, the majority of people who are unhoused do not have dependency issues.

“Although substance misuse is a risk factor for becoming homeless and compounds the difficulty of exiting homelessness, the majority of people who are unhoused do not have dependency issues (American Psychological Association Presidential Task Force on Psychology's Contribution to End Homelessness, 2010).”

• cites American Psychological Association Presidential Task Force on Psychology's Contribution to End Homelessness, 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In a survey of 3,248 callers to the National Domestic Violence Hotline, 27 percent of respondents reported that a current or ex-partner had coerced them to use drugs or alcohol and among those who sought help, 60 percent reported that their partner tried to prevent or discourage them from doing so.

“In a survey of 3,248 callers to the National Domestic Violence Hotline, 27 percent of respondents reported that a current or ex-partner had coerced them to use drugs or alcohol and among those who sought help, 60 percent reported that their partner tried to prevent or discourage them from doing so (FYSB, 2018).”

• cites FYSB, 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Higher rates of substance misuse are found among domestic violence survivors than women who have not experienced abuse, suggesting that substance use coercion is more common than is recognized.

“Higher rates of substance misuse are found among domestic violence survivors than women who have not experienced abuse, suggesting that substance use coercion is more common than is recognized (Rivera et al., 2015).”

• cites Rivera et al., 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Among female-headed households, low wages, weak welfare programs, and limited availability of affordable housing form a matrix of domination that leaves many women in unsafe living situations, unable to meet their families' basic needs, and vulnerable to exploitation.

“Among female-headed households, low wages, weak welfare programs, and limited availability of affordable housing form a matrix of domination that leaves many women in unsafe living situations, unable to meet their families' basic needs, and vulnerable to exploitation (Bullock, 2013;Collins, 2000).”

• cites Bullock, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Collins, 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Our analysis is limited by both the range of pathways examined and the relative homogeneity of our sample.

“Our analysis is limited by both the range of pathways examined and the relative homogeneity of our sample.”

May combine two claims.

Instead, we see greater hardships, amplified stigma, and increased likelihood of experiencing homelessness.

“Instead, we see greater hardships, amplified stigma, and increased likelihood of experiencing homelessness.”

May combine two claims.

Our sample included currently and formerly unhoused mothers but all were housed at the time of their interviews.

“Our sample included currently and formerly unhoused mothers but all were housed at the time of their interviews.”

May combine two claims.

Prior to TANF's enactment in 1996, 68 low-income families received assistance for every 100 families living in poverty; by 2017, just 23 eligible families received TANF benefits out of every 100 poor families.

“Prior to TANF's enactment in 1996, 68 low-income families received assistance for every 100 families living in poverty; by 2017, just 23 eligible families received TANF benefits out of every 100 poor families (CBPP, 2019).”

• cites CBPP, 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Only then can we begin to dismantle the interlocking systems of racialized, classed, and gendered poverty that contribute to high rates of homelessness among women and mothers.

“Only then can we begin to dismantle the interlocking systems of racialized, classed, and gendered poverty that contribute to high rates of homelessness among women and mothers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Much remains to be understood about economic abuse, gender, race, class, and motherhood and how institutional responses to economic and housing precarity are informed by these intersections.

“Much remains to be understood about economic abuse, gender, race, class, and motherhood and how institutional responses to economic and housing precarity are informed by these intersections.”

May combine two claims.

States with larger African American and Latinx populations also have more restrictive welfare policies and lower benefits.

“These challenges are compounded by the fact that states with larger African American and Latinx populations also have more restrictive welfare policies (e.g., stricter sanctions and work requirements) and lower benefits (Legal Momentum, 2010;Soss et al., 2001).”

• cites Legal Momentum, 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Soss et al., 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Three out of four eligible renters do not receive federal rental assistance, and among unassisted families with children, over 86 percent include a working adult.

“Three out of four eligible renters do not receive federal rental assistance, and among unassisted families with children, over 86 percent include a working adult (Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, CBPP, 2017).”

• cites Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, CBPP, 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Across the U.S., maximum TANF benefits are two-thirds below the federal poverty line and for a family of three, would fall below the estimated fair market cost of a two-bedroom apartment.

“Across the U.S., maximum TANF benefits are two-thirds below the federal poverty line and for a family of three, would fall below the estimated fair market cost (i.e., no more than 30 percent of family income) of a two-bedroom apartment (CBPP, 2019).”

• cites CBPP, 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The majority of mothers we spoke with identified as heterosexual, single/unmarried, were relatively young, and all were fluent in English.

“Moreover, the majority of mothers we spoke with identified as heterosexual, single/unmarried, were relatively young, and all were fluent in English.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Housing alone may prove insufficient if other intersecting needs and vulnerabilities go unmet (e.g., safety from an abusive partner, access to mental health services).

“However, housing alone may prove insufficient if other intersecting needs and vulnerabilities go unmet (e.g., safety from an abusive partner, access to mental health services).”

May combine two claims.

Damaged credit and unpaid tickets can undermine housing and employment.

“Lydia's experience (white mother of one) underscores how damaged credit and unpaid tickets can undermine housing and employment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Reducing homelessness will undoubtedly require holistic approaches that address multiple intersecting inequalities and co-occurring vulnerabilities.

“Reducing homelessness will undoubtedly require holistic approaches that address multiple intersecting inequalities and co-occurring vulnerabilities.”

May combine two claims.

TANF benefits are based on family size and can figure into mothers' calculations about whether or not to remain with an abusive partner.

“TANF benefits are based on family size and can figure into mothers' calculations about whether or not to remain with an abusive partner.”

May combine two claims.

Despite rapidly escalating housing costs, federal housing assistance programs are woefully underfunded and need far outpaces access or availability.

“Despite rapidly escalating housing costs, federal housing assistance programs are woefully underfunded and need far outpaces access or availability.”

May combine two claims.

Efforts to prevent discrimination based on level or source of income have not gained traction, and landlord rejection of housing vouchers runs high.

“Efforts to prevent discrimination based on level or source of income have not gained traction, and landlord rejection of housing vouchers runs high (e.g., 76.4 percent in Los Angeles, California; Bell et al., 2018).”

• cites Bell et al., 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Intersectional approaches are integral to understanding mothers' pathways into homelessness and are equally essential to poverty alleviation and the reduction of homelessness.

“Just as intersectional approaches are integral to understanding mothers' pathways into homelessness, they are equally essential to poverty alleviation and the reduction of homelessness.”