Estimating caffeine intake from energy drinks and dietary supplements in the United States
Open accessAbstract
No consistent definition exists for energy products in the United States. These products have been marketed and sold as beverages (conventional foods), energy shots (dietary supplements), and in pill or tablet form. Recently, the number of available products has surged, and formulations have changed to include caffeine. To help characterize the use of caffeine-containing energy products in the United States, three sources of data were analyzed: sales data, data from federal sources, and reports from the Drug Abuse Warning Network. These data indicate that sales of caffeine-containing energy products and emergency room visits involving their consumption appear to be increasing over time. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2010 indicate that 2.7% [standard error (SE) 0.2%] of the US population ≥1 year of age used a caffeine-containing energy product, providing approximately 150-200 mg/day of caffeine per day in addition to caffeine from traditional sources like coffee, tea, and colas. The highest usage of these products was among males between the ages of 19 and 30 years (7.6%, SE 1.0). Although the prevalence of caffeine-containing energy product use remains low overall in the US population, certain subgroups appear to be using these products in larger amounts. Several challenges remain in determining the level of caffeine exposure from and accurate usage patterns of caffeine-containing energy products.
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Cites
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Guest, N. S., VanDusseldorp, T. A., Nelson, M. T., Grgic, J., Schoenfeld, B. J., Jenkins, N. D. M., Arent, S. M., Antonio, J., Stout, J. R., Trexler, E. T., et al. (2021) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-020-00383-4 · Cited by 665 · see citing works
The Safety of Ingested Caffeine: A Comprehensive Review
Temple, J. L., Bernard, C., Lipshultz, S. E., Czachor, J. D., Westphal, J. A., & Mestre, M. A. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00080 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
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Banks, N. F., Rogers, E. M., Helwig, N. J., Schwager, L. E., Alpers, J. P., Schulte, S. L., Trachta, E. R., Lockwood, C. M., & Jenkins, N. D. M. (2024) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2023.2297988 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Caffeine-based energy drink consumption has increased dramatically over the last two decades, partially driven by new marketing strategies highlighting their claimed ergo-genicity related to exercise performance [1].”
Background
- Authors
- Bailey, R. L., Saldanha, L. G., Gahche, J. J., & Dwyer, J. T.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- National Center for Health Statistics (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bailey, Regan L
- Venue
- Nutrition Reviews
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2014-10
- Volume
- 72
- Pages
- 9-13
- ISSN
- 0029-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4658518
- OpenAlex
- W2153125527
- Cited by
- 82
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 4.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nutrition Reviews (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- PepsiCo
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Coffee research and impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- caffeine consumption, energy drinks, dietary supplements, emergency department visits, sales data, NHANES, age and sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Caffeine, Commerce, Female, Humans, Male, United States, Dietary Supplements, Energy Drinks
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