Sources of caffeine in diets of US children and adults: trends by beverage type and purchase location
Open accessAbstract
New sources of caffeine, besides coffee and tea, have been introduced into the US food supply. Data on caffeine consumption age and purchase location can help guide public health policy. National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) were used to estimate population-level caffeine intakes, using data from 24-h dietary recall. First, caffeine intakes by age-group and beverage type were estimated using the most recent 2011-2012 data (n = 7456). Second, fourteen years trends in caffeine consumption, overall and by beverage type, were evaluated for adults and children. Trend analyses were conducted by age groups. Last, trends in caffeine intakes by purchase location and beverage type were estimated. In 2011-2012, children aged four to eight years consumed the least caffeine (15 mg/day), and adults aged 51-70 years consumed the most (213 mg/day). The population mean (age ≥ four years) was 135 mg/day, driven largely by coffee (90 mg/day), tea (25 mg/day), and soda (21 mg/day). For the 14-19 years and 20-34 years age-groups, energy drinks contributed 6 mg/day (9.9%) and 5 mg/day (4.5%), respectively. The bulk of caffeine came from store-bought coffee and tea. Among both children and adults combined, caffeine intakes declined from 175 mg/day (1999-2000) to 142 mg/day (2011-2012), largely driven by a drop in caffeine from soda (41 mg/day to 21 mg/day). Store-bought coffee and tea remain principal drivers of caffeine intake in the US. Sodas and energy drinks make minor contributions to overall caffeine intakes.
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Average caffeine consumption in children and adolescents is 35 mg/day, with 4-8 years old consuming 15 mg/day, 9-13 years old consuming 26 mg/day, and 14-19 years old consuming 61 mg/day.
“Another study also using the NHANES dataset reports average caffeine consumption in children and adolescents as 35 mg/day, with 4–8 years old consuming 15 mg/day, 9–13 years old consuming 26 mg/day, and 14–19 years old consuming 61 mg/day (27).”
From The Safety of Ingested Caffeine: A Comprehensive Review (2017) · cites this paper as [27]
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- Authors
- Drewnowski, A., & Rehm, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Drewnowski, Adam
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2016-03-10
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 154
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4808882
- OpenAlex
- W2295864046
- Cited by
- 139
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 8.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Coffee research and impacts
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- caffeine consumption, coffee consumption, tea consumption, energy drinks, soft drinks, children and adolescents, adults
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Oral, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Beverages, Caffeine, Carbonated Beverages, Child, Child, Preschool, Coffee, Commerce, Diet, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nutrition Surveys, Tea, Time Factors, United States, Age Distribution, Young Adult, Energy Drinks
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