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Cited by 6Cardiovascular and exercise physiologyCoffee research and impactsBlood Pressure and Hypertension Studies

Habitual preexercise caffeine supplementation prevents exercise training-induced attenuation of exercising systolic blood pressure and double product

Open access
West, Kylee S., Helwig, Nate J., Schwager, Laura E., Hart, Thomas W., Zucker, Anna C., Venenga, Jacob S., Flores, Mark, Jenkins, Nathaniel D. M.·2025·Journal of Applied Physiology
DOI 10.1152/japplphysiol.00874.2024PMC PMC12182273
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Abstract

Habitual preexercise caffeine consumption prevented reductions in exercising systolic blood pressure and double product induced by 6 wk of high-intensity exercise in women. Therefore, our findings indicate that habitual preexercise caffeine supplementation may impede beneficial hemodynamic adaptations of exercise training in healthy, young women.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1152/japplphysiol.00874.2024

Cites

45 of 45 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

14 of 45 cited sources checked · 3 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Exercise training lowers submaximal exercising blood pressure by a larger amount than it lowers resting blood pressure.

    “Further, exercise training appears to confer reductions in submaximal exercising BP which are greater in magnitude than for resting BP [27–30].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [27] Pitsavos C, 2011, Hellenic J Cardiol

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [28] source
    • cites [29] source
    • cites [30] source

      The Methods (Cardiovascular assessments; page unavailable) describe blood-pressure measurements taken while participants were resting, and the Results (Cardiovascular outcomes; page unavailable) report responses to guayusa extract. A search for submaximal exercising blood pressure and exercise training found no passage comparing training-related reductions during exercise with reductions at rest. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    By blocking adenosine-mediated vasodilation in the systemic and myocardial circulation, caffeine raises peripheral vascular resistance and coronary vasoconstrictor tone during exercise.

    “Importantly, caffeine’s antagonism of adenosine-mediated systemic and myocardial vasodilation contributes to increased peripheral vascular resistance and coronary vasoconstrictor tone during exercise [11, 12].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [11] source
    • cites [12] source

      The Discussion (page unavailable) reports peripheral vasoconstriction after espresso and says it was probably due to caffeine blocking adenosine receptors in peripheral vascular beds. The Introduction mentions effects on the myocardium, but the paper does not establish coronary vasoconstrictor tone or an effect during exercise; its findings concern the period after coffee ingestion. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Exaggerated blood pressure responses to exercise, especially submaximal exercise, independently predict future hypertension and cardiovascular illness and death.

    “Notably, exaggerated exercising BP responses, particularly to submaximal exercise [19, 20], are a robust, independent predictor of future hypertension [21–23] and cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality [20, 24, 25].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 7 sources checked
    • cites [19] source
    • cites [20] source
    • cites [21] source
    • cites [22] source
    • cites [23] source

      The Results and Discussion report that diastolic blood pressure during low-level exercise independently predicted future cardiovascular events; systolic blood pressure did not remain predictive after adjustment for resting blood pressure. The Methods include cardiovascular death in the composite event outcome, but the paper does not establish an independent prediction of mortality as a separate outcome. Its Discussion cites prior studies for future hypertension rather than reporting that finding from this cohort. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [24] source
    • cites [25] source
  • Interpretationcitation

    Caffeine most likely continued to raise the hemodynamic response during the training sessions across the whole six-week study.

    “Therefore, although we did not observe the hemodynamic response to every exercise session throughout the training period, it is likely based on this evidence that caffeine persistently augmented the hemodynamic responses during the exercise training sessions throughout this study”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [10] source
    • cites [45] source
    • cites [46]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [16] source

      The Materials and Methods section describes a 6–12-minute exercise test, not a six-week training study. Searches for caffeine and six-week training found no passage in our copy addressing whether caffeine persistently increased hemodynamic responses during training sessions. (LLM, conf=0.78)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • Rests on an assumption: Supplementing once every 24 hours matches the caffeine consumption pattern of most caffeine users.
  • Premisecitation

    Acute caffeine consumption before exercise raises the blood pressure response to exercise.

    “Consequently, acute, pre-exercise caffeine consumption increases the blood pressure (BP) response to exercise [16].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16] source

      The Introduction and Discussion address blood-pressure responses to exercise, but the passages provided do not address caffeine consumption. Searches of our copy for acute pre-exercise caffeine and related terms found no passage assessing its effect on exercise blood pressure. (LLM, conf=0.75)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • May combine two claims. 19
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 10

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Routine caffeine use produces tolerance to its pharmacological actions, which weakens its acute hemodynamic effects.

    “Regular caffeine consumption causes tolerance to its pharmacologic effects, reducing caffeine’s acute hemodynamic effects with routine consumption [43, 44].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [43] source
    • cites [44] source

      The Discussion reports that five days of daily caffeine intake reduced the blood-pressure response to a caffeine challenge, supporting a weakening of that acute effect. But tolerance was incomplete and varied substantially: about half the subjects had little or no reduction in their ambulatory blood-pressure response. The claim presents tolerance as a general result of regular use without that qualification. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Caffeine increases catecholamine release during exercise, alters autonomic function and appears to weaken sympathetic baroreflex function.

    “Caffeine also augments catecholamine release during exercise, modulates autonomic function, and appears to blunt sympathetic baroreflex function [13–15].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [13] source
    • cites [14] source
    • cites [15] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The caffeine supplement delivered 120 mg of caffeine, or about 1.9 mg/kg, a dose confirmed by independent laboratory analysis.

    “Participants supplemented each day of the six-week training period with either placebo (maltodextrin) or a caffeine-based supplement (organic guayusa extract) providing 120 mg of caffeine (1.9 ± 0.34 mg/kg), which was confirmed by laboratory analyses”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [31] source

      The Experimental Design section describes an eight-week exercise intervention with a nonexercise control group, but does not address a caffeine supplement. Searches for guayusa, 120 mg of caffeine, maltodextrin, and laboratory confirmation found no passage supporting the claimed dose or analysis. The laboratory analyses described in the Serum Endothelin-1 and CRP Measurement section concern blood samples, not supplement content; page numbers were unavailable. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Caffeine's blood-pressure-raising effects are mainly due to increased systemic vascular resistance, which raises stroke work.

    “It has therefore been reported that caffeine’s pressor effects are primarily related to increased systemic vascular resistance, resulting in increased stroke work [39].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [39] source

      The Discussion (page not provided) reports increased diastolic blood pressure after caffeine and increased coronary vascular resistance with higher caffeine concentrations in men, but not women. It does not establish that caffeine’s pressor effect is primarily caused by increased systemic vascular resistance, or that it increases stroke work. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Caffeine taken before exercise improves performance and is widely used as an ergogenic aid by recreational and elite exercisers.

    “Pre-exercise caffeine consumption is efficacious for improving exercise performance and is therefore commonly used as an ergogenic strategy among recreational and elite exercisers [1, 6].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [1] source
    • cites [6] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    After training, exercising systolic blood pressure and double product at 75W were higher in the caffeine group than in the placebo group, by about 14 mmHg and about 2910 bpm*mmHg respectively.

    “SBP (+14 ± 6 mmHg; p = 0.02) and DP (+2910 ± 1083 bpm*mmHg; p = 0.03) during exercise at 75W were greater in CAF than PLA at POST.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Pulse pressure increased with exercise intensity, by roughly 19 mmHg from rest to 50W and roughly 20 mmHg from 50W to 75W, when groups and time points were combined.

    “Collapsed across group and time, PP increased by ~19 and 20 mmHg from 0 to 50W and from 50 to 75W (all p < 0.0001).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Maximal work rate increased from pre- to post-training by about 15.5 W, with no difference between the caffeine and placebo groups.

    “Maximal work rate (+15.5 ± 17 W, p < 0.001) and VO˙2peak (+1.4 ± 4.1 ml/kg/min, p = 0.06) increased similarly from PRE to POST in CAF and PLA (Figure 2).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the caffeine group, exercising double product did not change from pre- to post-training at either 50W or 75W.

    “but DP did not change at 50W (p > 0.99) or 75W (p = 0.57) in the CAF group (Figure 3B).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Systolic blood pressure and double product rose as exercise intensity increased, both before and after training, in both the caffeine and placebo groups.

    “As expected, SBP and DP increased with increasing exercise intensity in both the PLA and CAF groups at PRE and POST (Figures 3A/B).”
    • Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
      “SBP and DP increased with increasing exercise intensity at PRE and POST in both groups.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Heart rate decreased from pre- to post-training by about 3 bpm, independent of group and exercise intensity.

    “The effect of time indicated that HR decreased from PRE to POST (−3 ± 1 bpm) when collapsed across group and intensity (Figure 3C).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Resting diastolic blood pressure did not change with training, whereas exercising diastolic blood pressure fell from pre- to post-training by about 7 mmHg at 50W and about 12 mmHg at 75W, with no difference between groups.

    “Post-hoc analysis indicated that DBP did not change at 0W (p = 0.79), but exercising DBP decreased from PRE to POST at 50W (−7 ± 3 mmHg, p = 0.048) and 75W (−12 ± 3 mmHg, p < 0.001) independent of group (Figure 3C).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the placebo group, exercising systolic blood pressure fell from pre- to post-training by about 10 mmHg at 50W and about 16 mmHg at 75W.

    “Exercising SBP decreased from PRE to POST at 50W (−10 ± 3 mmHg, p < 0.005) and at 75W (−16 ± 3 mmHg, p < 0.0001) in the PLA group (Figure 3A)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Peak oxygen uptake showed no significant group by time interaction and no significant main effect of time across the training period.

    “There was also no group × time interaction for VO˙2peak (F1,31 = 1.34, p = 0.26), and the main effect for time was not significant (F1,31 = 3.94, p = 0.056).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the placebo group, exercising double product fell from pre- to post-training by about 1530 bpm*mmHg at 50W and about 3174 bpm*mmHg at 75W.

    “Similarly, exercising DP decreased from PRE to POST at 50W (−1530 ± 473 bpm*mmHg, p = 0.02) and at 75W (−3174 ± 463 bpm*mmHg, p < 0.0001) in the PLA group (Figure 3B)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Heart rate rose with exercise intensity, by about 33 bpm from rest to 50W and about 26 bpm from 50W to 75W, when groups and time points were combined.

    “The effect of intensity indicated that HR increased from 0W to 50W (+33 ± 2 bpm, p < 0.0001) and from 50W to 75W (+26 ± 2 bpm, p < 0.0001) when collapsed across group and time.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Habitual caffeine consumption lessens, but does not eliminate, the blood pressure response to caffeine in laboratory and ambulatory settings.

    “Lovallo and colleagues [10, 45] demonstrated that habitual consumption reduces but does not abolish the BP response to caffeine consumption in either laboratory or ambulatory settings.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [10] source
    • cites [45] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Supplementation compliance across the six-week intervention averaged 98% with a standard deviation of 6%.

    “Supplementation compliance was 98% ± 6%.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    In women, caffeine has been reported to raise blood pressure by increasing stroke volume and cardiac output rather than peripheral resistance.

    “Thus, in women caffeine has been reported to increase BP by increasing stroke volume and cardiac output without increasing peripheral resistance [41].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [41] source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The trial was double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled, with 33 women allocated to a caffeine group of 17 or a placebo group of 16.

    “Using a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial design, thirty-three females were randomly assigned to either a caffeine supplement group (CAF; n = 17) or a placebo group (PLA; n = 16)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Investigators remained blinded to group allocation until the statistical analyses were finished.

    “The double-blind was maintained so that investigators were blinded to group assignments until the completion of statistical analyses.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Exercise training lowers systolic blood pressure and myocardial oxygen demand at a given submaximal workload, together with reduced catecholamine release.

    “exercise training has been shown to reduce SBP and myocardial oxygen demand at any given submaximal workload alongside reduced catecholamine release, suggesting a reduced sympathetic response to a given exercise load [34–37].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [34] source
    • cites [35] source
    • cites [36] source
    • cites [37] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Caffeine reduces adenosine-mediated vasodilation in men, but this effect is limited in women.

    “recent evidence suggests that whereas caffeine reduces adenosine-mediated vasodilation in men, this effect is constrained in women [40].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [40] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    High-intensity exercise training may confer a cardioprotective effect even in healthy young women, and habitual pre-exercise caffeine supplementation may put that effect at risk.

    “our data also suggest a cardioprotective effect of high-intensity exercise training even in healthy, young females that may be jeopardized by habitual pre-exercise caffeine supplementation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
24 of 24

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Whether habitual pre-exercise caffeine consumption hinders the beneficial effects of exercise training on exercising blood pressure was not established before this study.

    “Whereas it has been established that acute caffeine administration augments exercising BP, it remains unclear whether habitual pre-exercise caffeine consumption impedes the beneficial effects of exercise training on exercising BP.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Supplementing once every 24 hours matches the caffeine consumption pattern of most caffeine users.

    “particularly as the CAF group supplemented once every 24 hours in accordance with consumption patterns of most caffeine users.”
2 of 2

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Discussion gives different systolic-pressure reductions

    Minor

    The discussion reports reductions of 11 and 15 mmHg at 50W and 75W, respectively, while the results report 10 and 16 mmHg for those same workloads.

  • Placebo-group SBP reductions differ between Results and Discussion

    Minor

    The Discussion gives reductions of 11 and 15 mmHg at 50W and 75W, respectively, while the Results reports 10 and 16 mmHg for those same workloads.

  • PP interaction has two reported p-values

    Minor

    The Results reports p = 0.056 for the PP interaction, but the Discussion reports p = 0.055 for that interaction.

3 of 3

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 46 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Spindel E, 1984, Prog Clin Biol Res, 158, 355
  2. Pitsavos C, 2011, Hellenic J Cardiol, 52, 6

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
West, K. S., Helwig, N. J., Schwager, L. E., Hart, T. W., Zucker, A. C., Venenga, J. S., Flores, M., & Jenkins, N. D. M.
Affiliations
University of Iowa (US)
ORCID
Jenkins, Nathaniel D. M.
Venue
Journal of Applied Physiology
Publisher
American Physiological Society
Published
2025-02-01
Volume
138
Issue
2
Pages
358-365
ISSN
  • 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
  • 8750-7587
  • 1522-1601
DOI
10.1152/japplphysiol.00874.2024
PMC
PMC12182273
OpenAlex
W4405850577
Semantic Scholar
08a0f4340e0d3c11b94dd1b20e9d0c6f28833bd3
Cited by
6
References
46
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 2
FWCI
2.98
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • Applied Food Sciences, Inc (N/A)
  • HHS | NIH | National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (UL1TR002537)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Coffee research and impacts
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
Keywords
caffeine supplementation, exercise training, systolic blood pressure, rate-pressure product, hemodynamic adaptation, high-intensity exercise, women, blood pressure response to exercise
MeSH terms
Adaptation, Physiological, Adult, Blood Pressure, Caffeine, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Exercise, Dietary Supplements, Young Adult

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-09-28.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-09-28.

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