Cited by 183Circadian rhythm and melatoninStress Responses and CortisolAdrenal Hormones and Disorders

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Circadian endocrine rhythms: the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and its actions

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Nicolaides, Nicolas C., Charmandari, Evangelia, Chrousos, George P., Kino, Tomoshige·2014·Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1111/nyas.12464PMC PMC4104011

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Abstract

The stress system effectively restores the internal balance—or homeostasis—of living organisms in the face of random external or internal changes, the stressors. This highly complex system helps organisms to provide a series of neuroendocrine responses to stressors—the stress response—through coordinated activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and the locus coeruleus/norepinephrine autonomic nervous systems. In addition to stressors, life is influenced by daily light/dark changes due to the 24‐h rotation of Earth. To adjust to these recurrent day/night cycles, the biological clock system employs the heterodimer of transcription factors circadian locomotor output cycle kaput/brain–muscle–arnt–like protein 1 (CLOCK/BMAL1), along with a set of other transcription factors, to regulate the circadian pattern of gene expression. Interestingly, the stress system, through the HPA axis, communicates with the clock system; therefore, any uncoupling or dysregulation could potentially cause several disorders, such as metabolic, autoimmune, and mood disorders. In this review, we discuss the biological function of the two systems, their interactions, and the clinical implications of their dysregulation or uncoupling.

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10.1210/en.141.10.3799 · DOI
Kino T., 2005, Handbook on Stress and the Brain, 295

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Authors: Nicolaides, N. C., Charmandari, E., Chrousos, G. P., & Kino, T.
Affiliations: National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
King Abdulaziz University (SA)
National Institutes of Health (US)
Corresponding author: Nicolaides, Nicolas C.
ORCID: Nicolaides, Nicolas C.
Charmandari, Evangelia
Chrousos, George P.
Kino, Tomoshige
Venue: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2014-05
Volume: 1318
Issue: 1
Pages: 71-80
ISSN: 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
1749-6632
DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12464
PMC: PMC4104011
OpenAlex: W1598021542
Cited by: 183
References: 78
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 2
FWCI: 2.00
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 32 d)
Locations: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (ZIAHD008732)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
Keywords: circadian rhythm, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, stress response, biological clock, Clock/BMAL1, circadian gene expression, circadian dysfunction, metabolic disorders, autoimmune disease, mood disorders
MeSH terms: Animals, Circadian Rhythm, Gene Expression Regulation, Glucocorticoids, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Receptors, Glucocorticoid, CLOCK Proteins, ARNTL Transcription Factors

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Circadian endocrine rhythms: the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and its actions

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