The DOI matches its Crossref record; 77 of the 78 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Circadian endocrine rhythms: the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and its actions
Open accessAbstract
The stress system effectively restores the internal balance—or homeostasis—of living organisms in the face of random external or internal changes, the stressors. This highly complex system helps organisms to provide a series of neuroendocrine responses to stressors—the stress response—through coordinated activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and the locus coeruleus/norepinephrine autonomic nervous systems. In addition to stressors, life is influenced by daily light/dark changes due to the 24‐h rotation of Earth. To adjust to these recurrent day/night cycles, the biological clock system employs the heterodimer of transcription factors circadian locomotor output cycle kaput/brain–muscle–arnt–like protein 1 (CLOCK/BMAL1), along with a set of other transcription factors, to regulate the circadian pattern of gene expression. Interestingly, the stress system, through the HPA axis, communicates with the clock system; therefore, any uncoupling or dysregulation could potentially cause several disorders, such as metabolic, autoimmune, and mood disorders. In this review, we discuss the biological function of the two systems, their interactions, and the clinical implications of their dysregulation or uncoupling.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“These pathways are tightly and bi-directionally linked with HPA axis activity (Lee et al. 2013;Nicolaides et al. 2014)”
From The HPA axis in bipolar disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis (2016) · cites this paper as Nicolaides et al. 2014
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Antiinflammatory Action of Glucocorticoids — New Mechanisms for Old Drugs
Rhen, T., & Cidlowski, J. A. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra050541 · Cited by 3,149
The Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis and Immune-Mediated Inflammation
Chrousos, G. P. (1995) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199505183322008 · Cited by 2,579 · cited 1×
“This work was supported by (1) the European Union (European Social Fund, ESF) and Greek national funds through the operational program “Education and Lifelong Learning” of the National Strategic Reference Framework Research Funding Program THALIS, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; and (2) the intramural program of…”
BackgroundSelf-citationObesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Circadian Clock Mutant Mice
Turek, F. W., Joshu, C., Kohsaka, A., Lin, E., Ivanova, G., McDearmon, E., Laposky, A., Losee-Olson, S., Easton, A., Jensen, D. R., et al. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1108750 · Cited by 2,485
Damiola, F., Le Minh, N., Preitner, N., Kornmann, B., Fleury-Olela, F., & Schibler, U. (2000) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.183500 · Cited by 2,394
Adverse metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of circadian misalignment
Scheer, F. A. J. L., Hilton, M. F., Mantzoros, C. S., & Shea, S. A. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0808180106 · Cited by 2,351
Resetting of circadian time in peripheral tissues by glucocorticoid signaling
Balsalobre, A., Brown, S. A., Marcacci, L., Tronche, F., Kellendonk, C., Reichardt, H. M., Schütz, G., & Schibler, U. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.289.5488.2344 · Cited by 1,859
Molecular components of the mammalian circadian clock
Ko, C. H., & Takahashi, J. S. (2006) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddl207 · Cited by 1,725
The genetics of mammalian circadian order and disorder: implications for physiology and disease
Takahashi, J. S., Hong, H.-K., Ko, C. H., & McDearmon, E. L. (2008) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2430 · Cited by 1,611
Rudic, R. D., McNamara, P., Curtis, A.-M., Boston, R. C., Panda, S., Hogenesch, J. B., & FitzGerald, G. A. (2004) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020377 · Cited by 1,059
Nuclear Receptor Expression Links the Circadian Clock to Metabolism
Yang, X., Downes, M., Yu, R. T., Bookout, A. L., He, W., Straume, M., Mangelsdorf, D. J., & Evans, R. M. (2006) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.06.050 · Cited by 946
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- 10.1210/en.141.10.3799 · DOI
- Kino T., 2005, Handbook on Stress and the Brain, 295
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Fasting, Circadian Rhythms, and Time-Restricted Feeding in Healthy Lifespan
Longo, V. D., & Panda, S. (2016) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.06.001 · Cited by 1,013
The HPA axis in bipolar disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Belvederi Murri, M., Prestia, D., Mondelli, V., Pariante, C., Patti, S., Olivieri, B., Arzani, C., Masotti, M., Respino, M., Antonioli, M., et al. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.10.014 · Cited by 391
“hese pathways are tightly and bi-directionally linked with HPA xis activity (Lee et al., 2013; Nicolaides et al., 2014), therefore ould deserve further investigation.”
BackgroundCortisol and DHEA in development and psychopathology
Kamin, H. S., & Kertes, D. A. (2016) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.11.018 · Cited by 329
Daily eating patterns and their impact on health and disease
Zarrinpar, A., Chaix, A., & Panda, S. (2016) · Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2015.11.007 · Cited by 263
“Central to these rhythms is the endogenous circadian rhythmicity of the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which is entrained by light [8].”
Novel concepts on pregnancy clocks and alarms: redundancy and synergy in human parturition
Menon, R., Bonney, E. A., Condon, J. C., Mesiano, S. A., & Taylor, R. N. (2016) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmw022 · Cited by 270
“GR action can be directly modulated by heterodimerization with other transcription factors, including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) (Wang et al., 2014) and the clock gene product itself (Nicolaides et al., 2014), which in turn influences immune responses.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Nicolaides, N. C., Charmandari, E., Chrousos, G. P., & Kino, T.
- Affiliations
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
- King Abdulaziz University (SA)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nicolaides, Nicolas C.
- Venue
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-05
- Volume
- 1318
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 71-80
- ISSN
- 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
- 1749-6632
- PMC
- PMC4104011
- OpenAlex
- W1598021542
- Cited by
- 183
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 2.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (ZIAHD008732)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Keywords
- circadian rhythm, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, stress response, biological clock, Clock/BMAL1, circadian gene expression, circadian dysfunction, metabolic disorders, autoimmune disease, mood disorders
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Circadian Rhythm, Gene Expression Regulation, Glucocorticoids, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Receptors, Glucocorticoid, CLOCK Proteins, ARNTL Transcription Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
