Effects of electromagnetic fields on neuronal ion channels: A systematic review
Open accessAbstract
Many aspects of chemistry and biology are mediated by electromagnetic field (EMF) interactions. The central nervous system (CNS) is particularly sensitive to EMF stimuli. Studies have explored the direct effect of different EMFs on the electrical properties of neurons in the last two decades, particularly focusing on the role of voltage-gated ion channels (VGCs). This work aims to systematically review published evidence in the last two decades detailing the effects of EMFs on neuronal ion channels as per the PRISM guidelines. Following a predetermined exclusion and inclusion criteria, 22 papers were included after searches on three online databases. Changes in calcium homeostasis, attributable to the voltage-gated calcium channels, were found to be the most commonly reported result of EMF exposure. EMF effects on the neuronal landscape appear to be diverse and greatly dependent on parameters, such as the field's frequency, exposure time, and intrinsic properties of the irradiated tissue, such as the expression of VGCs. Here, we systematically clarify how neuronal ion channels are particularly affected and differentially modulated by EMFs at multiple levels, such as gating dynamics, ion conductance, concentration in the membrane, and gene and protein expression. Ion channels represent a major transducer for EMF-related effects on the CNS.
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Experiments have demonstrated that synchronous neuronal firing has a functional role in the brain and that the brain's endogenous EM field contributes to recruiting neurons into synchronously firing networks.
“For example, Refs. [26,76,77] reported experiments demonstrating that synchronous neuronal firing has a functional role in the brain and that the brain’s endogenous EM field contributes to recruiting neurons into synchronously firing networks.”
From Quantum Models of Consciousness from a Quantum Information Science Perspective (2025) · cites this paper as [76]
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How To Read “Review Criteria for Research Manuscripts”
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1499 (2021) 82-103 © 2021 The Authors. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of New York Academy of Sciences
- Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1499 (2021) 82-103 © 2021 The Authors. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of New York Academy of Sciences through increase of AA/PGE2 and EP receptor-mediated cAMP/PKA pathway. PLoS One 8. e54376.
- Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1499 (2021) 82-103 © 2021 The Authors. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of New York Academy of Sciences
- Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1499 (2021) 82-103 © 2021 The Authors. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of New York Academy of Sciences
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Quantum Models of Consciousness from a Quantum Information Science Perspective
Gassab, L., Pusuluk, O., Cattaneo, M., & Müstecaplıoğlu, Ö. E. (2025) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e27030243 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
- Authors
- Bertagna, F., Lewis, R., Silva, S. R. P., McFadden, J., & Jeevaratnam, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Surrey (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Jeevaratnam, Kamalan
- Venue
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-05-04
- Volume
- 1499
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 82-103
- ISSN
- 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
- 1749-6632
- OpenAlex
- W3159135914
- Cited by
- 63
- References
- 112
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 5
- FWCI
- 1.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Leverhulme Trust (DS‐2017‐079)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Electromagnetic Fields and Biological Effects
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Physiology › Magnetic and Electromagnetic Effects
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Keywords
- electromagnetic fields, voltage-gated ion channels, neuronal ion channels, voltage-gated calcium channels, calcium homeostasis, channel gating, ionic conductance, gene and protein expression, central nervous system, electromagnetic field exposure, frequency dependence, exposure time
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biological Transport, Brain, Electromagnetic Fields, Humans, Ion Channels, Ions, Neurons, Signal Transduction, Biomarkers, Ion Channel Gating, Electrophysiological Phenomena
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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