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Food cue reactivity and craving predict eating and weight gain: A meta-analytic review
Open accessAbstract
Summary: According to learning‐based models of behavior, food cue reactivity and craving are conditioned responses that lead to increased eating and subsequent weight gain. However, evidence supporting this relationship has been mixed. We conducted a quantitative meta‐analysis to assess the predictive effects of food cue reactivity and craving on eating and weight‐related outcomes. Across 69 reported statistics from 45 published reports representing 3,292 participants, we found an overall medium effect of food cue reactivity and craving on outcomes (r = 0.33, p < 0.001; approximately 11% of variance), suggesting that cue exposure and the experience of craving significantly influence and contribute to eating behavior and weight gain. Follow‐up tests revealed a medium effect size for the effect of both tonic and cue‐induced craving on eating behavior (r = 0.33). We did not find significant differences in effect sizes based on body mass index, age, or dietary restraint. However, we did find that visual food cues (e.g. pictures and videos) were associated with a similar effect size to real food exposure and a stronger effect size than olfactory cues. Overall, the present findings suggest that food cue reactivity, cue‐induced craving and tonic craving systematically and prospectively predict food‐related outcomes. These results have theoretical, methodological, public health and clinical implications.
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“We also considered skills related to emotion regulation and coping as constant influencers, since previous research has shown that employing strategies such as cognitive reappraisal can help manage neural reactivity to food cues and self-reported cravings for energy-dense foods [50].”
From What Is Food Noise? A Conceptual Model of Food Cue Reactivity (2023) · cites this paper as [50]
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“increased food cue reactivity is associated, over time, with important health-related outcomes, including weight gain or regain [50,65,76], disordered eating behaviors and eating disorders [77,78,79], and, consequently, loss of quality of life [45,80].”
From What Is Food Noise? A Conceptual Model of Food Cue Reactivity (2023) · cites this paper as [50]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Boswell, R. G., & Kober, H.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Department of Psychology Yale University New Haven CT USA
- ORCID
- Boswell, Rebecca G.
- Venue
- Obesity Reviews
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015-12-08
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 159-177
- ISSN
- 1467-7881 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-789X
- PMC
- PMC6042864
- OpenAlex
- W2192006161
- Cited by
- 703
- References
- 233
- Citations by year
- 2026: 63 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 78 · 2022: 97 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 81 · 2019: 86 · 2018: 49 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 5.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Obesity Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (P50DA009241, K12 DA00167, P50-DA-0-9241, K12DA000167)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Keywords
- food cue reactivity, food cravings, cue-induced craving, dietary habits, weight gain, visual food cues, olfactory cues, dietary restraint, body mass index
- MeSH terms
- Bulimia, Cues, Feeding Behavior, Food, Humans, Impulsive Behavior, Obesity, Weight Gain, Behavior, Addictive, Evidence-Based Practice, Craving
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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