Towards inclusive public administration systems: Public budgeting from the perspective of critical race theory
Open accessAbstract
While there is a developing consensus that governments need to address systemic racism, public administration scholarship has not played a large role in supporting policymakers who want to achieve that end. To institutionalize that effort, we analyze the budget process as a setting to identify inequities and incorporate social equity given its overarching reach across all programs and policies. This article uses the tenets of critical race theory to illustrate how to use the budget process to incorporate equity. The resulting racial equity budgeting (REB) framework has three tenets: acknowledging and correcting historic biases, increasing the voice of nondominant groups, and disrupting the status quo by ensuring equity in current policies. The REB framework suggests how public officials may apply these tenets to the stages of public budgeting, including the use of reparation statements, increasing the participation of underrepresented minorities, and reviewing the disaggregated impact of policies, among others.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Public budgeting may be an effective tool for advancing social equity, particularly when equity considerations are integrated throughout the budgeting process.
“However, there is a growing recognition that public budgeting may be an effective tool for advancing social equity, particularly when equity considerations are integrated throughout the budgeting process-from resource allocation to implementation and evaluation (Martínez Guzmán et al. 2024;Rubin and Bartle 2023).”
From Participatory Budgeting for Social Equity: A Comparative Analysis (2025) · cites this paper as Martínez Guzmán et al. 2024
Cites
Crenshaw, K. (2018) · Living with Contradictions · doi:10.4324/9780429499142-5 · Cited by 7,232 · see citing works
Critical race theory: an introduction
Delgado, R., Stefancic, J., & Harris, A. (2013) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.50-2938 · Cited by 5,988 · see citing works
The Principles of Scientific Management.
Woolf, L. S., Taylor, F. W., Scott, W. D., & Goldmark, J. C. (1912) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.2307/2221959 · Cited by 5,254 · see citing works
Wilson, W. (1887) · Political Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2139277 · Cited by 2,544 · see citing works
Critical Race Theory: The Cutting Edge.
Morales, A., & Delgado, R. (1996) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2077485 · Cited by 1,560 · see citing works
Public Finance in Theory and Practice.
Whalley, J., Musgrave, R. A., & Musgrave, P. B. (1975) · Economica · doi:10.2307/2553841 · Cited by 690 · see citing works
Classics of Public Administration
Shafritz, J. M., & Hyde, A. C. (1987) · Cited by 642 · see citing works
Shah, A. (2007) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/978-0-8213-6923-4 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Politics and Administration: A Study in Government
Goodnow, F. J. (2010) · University of Michigan Library Repository · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Introduction to the Study of Public Administration.
Laski, H. J., & White, L. D. (1927) · Economica · doi:10.2307/2548408 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
The Road to PPB: The Stages of Budget Reform
Schick, A. (1966) · Public Administration Review · doi:10.2307/973296 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Social Vulnerability and Equity: The Disproportionate Impact of COVID ‐19
Gaynor, T. S., & Wilson, M. E. (2020) · Public Administration Review · doi:10.1111/puar.13264 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Critical Race Theory: An Annotated Bibliography
Stefancic, J., & Delgado, R. (2014) · bepress Legal Repository · Cited by 267 · see citing works
The Lack of a Budgetary Theory
Key, V. O. (1940) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1948194 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
The Science of Public Administration: Three Problems
Dahl, R. A. (1947) · Public Administration Review · doi:10.2307/972349 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
We Built This: Consequences of New Deal Era Intervention in America’s Racial Geography
Faber, J. W. (2020) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122420948464 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Geographies of Algorithmic Violence: Redlining the Smart City
Safransky, S. (2019) · International Journal of Urban and Regional Research · doi:10.1111/1468-2427.12833 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Social Equity in Public Administration: A Call to Action
Blessett, B., Dodge, J. E., Edmond, B. C., Goerdel, H. T., Gooden, S. T., Headley, A. M., Riccucci, N. M., & Williams, B. N. (2019) · Perspectives on Public Management and Governance · doi:10.1093/ppmgov/gvz016 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
PAR ’s Social Equity Footprint
Gooden, S. T. (2015) · Public Administration Review · doi:10.1111/puar.12346 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Segregated city : The geography of economic segregation in America's metros
Florida, R. L., & Mellander, C. (2015) · Diva portal (Dalarna University Library) · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Cost‐Effectiveness and Cost‐Benefit Analysis
Cellini, S. R., & Kee, J. E. (2015) · doi:10.1002/9781119171386.ch24 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
From Performance Budgeting to Performance Budget Management: Theory and Practice
Ho, A. T. (2018) · Public Administration Review · doi:10.1111/puar.12915 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
McCandless, S. A., Bishu, S. G., Hernández, M. G., Eraso, É. P., Sabharwal, M., Santis, E. L., & Yates, S. (2022) · Public Administration · doi:10.1111/padm.12830 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Gender budgeting in public financial management: a literature review and research agenda
Polzer, T., Nolte, I. M., & Seiwald, J. (2021) · International Review of Administrative Sciences · doi:10.1177/00208523211031796 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Sharp, R. (2003) · Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Designing and implementing gender budgeting – a path to action
Downes, R., & Nicol, S. (2020) · OECD Journal on Budgeting · doi:10.1787/689198fa-en · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Möschel, M. (2014) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315816739 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Gender‐responsive budgeting: A budget reform to address gender inequity
Rubin, M. M., & Bartle, J. R. (2021) · Public Administration · doi:10.1111/padm.12802 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Gooden, S. T. (2015) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315701301 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
The future of public sector accounting research. A polyphonic debate
Grossi, G., Steccolini, I., Adhikari, P., Brown, J., Christensen, M., Cordery, C., Ferry, L., Lassou, P., McDonald III, B., Raudla, R., et al. (2023) · Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management · doi:10.1108/qram-09-2022-0135 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Budgeting for Equity: How Can Participatory Budgeting Advance Equity in the United States?
Pape, M., & Lerner, J. (2016) · Journal of Deliberative Democracy · doi:10.16997/jdd.261 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Critical race theory: An effective framework for social work research
Daftary, A. (2018) · Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work · doi:10.1080/15313204.2018.1534223 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Achieving social equity: From problems to solutions
Viswanath, S. (2020) · Journal of Public Affairs Education · doi:10.1080/15236803.2020.1798726 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Congressional Use of the Program Assessment Rating Tool
Frisco, V., & Stalebrink, O. J. (2008) · Public Budgeting & Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5850.2008.00902.x · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Becker, C. J. (2015) · Journal of Public Affairs Education · doi:10.1080/15236803.2015.12001821 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Intersectionality and equity: Dynamic bureaucratic representation in higher education
Fay, D. L., Fryar, A. H., Meier, K. J., & Wilkins, V. M. (2020) · Public Administration · doi:10.1111/padm.12691 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
New development: Gender (responsive) budgeting—a reflection on critical issues and future challenges
Steccolini, I. (2019) · Public Money & Management · doi:10.1080/09540962.2019.1578538 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Governmental Accounting Standards Board
Weiler, S. C. (2014) · doi:10.4135/9781483346595.n138 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Can gender‐responsive budgeting change how governments budget?: Lessons from the case of Ecuador
Guzmán, J. P. M. (2023) · Public Administration · doi:10.1111/padm.12926 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Critical Race Theory: A Primer
Bridges, K. M. (2018) · Berkley Law Scholarship Repository (University of California, Berkeley) · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Weaponization of Wokeness: The Theater of Management and Implications for Public Administration
Zavattaro, S. M., & Bearfield, D. A. (2022) · Public Administration Review · doi:10.1111/puar.13484 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Ingram, M., Leih, R., Adkins, A., Sonmez, E., & Yetman, E. (2020) · Journal of urban health · doi:10.1007/s11524-020-00460-8 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Cheng, Y., Yang, L. K., & Deng, S. (2022) · Public Administration Review · doi:10.1111/puar.13465 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Disenfranchisement: Historical Underpinnings and Contemporary Manifestations
Blessett, B. (2015) · Public Administration Quarterly · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The Jim Crow Policies of Woodrow Wilson
O’Reilly, K. (1997) · The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education · doi:10.2307/2963252 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Urban Renewal and “Ghetto” Development in Baltimore: Two Sides of the Same Coin
Blessett, B. (2020) · The American Review of Public Administration · doi:10.1177/0275074020930358 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Butz, A. M., & Gaynor, T. S. (2022) · Public Administration Review · doi:10.1111/puar.13468 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Distribution of Household Income
Rahman, M., Matsui, N., & Ikemoto, Y. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-4-431-54285-8_6 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Critical Race Studies in Latin America: Recent Advances, Recurrent Weaknesses
Warren, J., & Twine, F. W. (2007) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1111/b.9780631206163.2002.00045.x · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Budgeting for Social Equity: Exploring the (Nearly) Unknown
McDonald III, B. D., & McCandless, S. A. (2025) · Journal of Social Equity and Public Administration · doi:10.24926/jsepa.v3i1.4661 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Mapping and making gangland: A legacy of redlining and enjoining gang neighbourhoods in Los Angeles
Bloch, S., & Phillips, S. A. (2021) · Urban Studies · doi:10.1177/00420980211010426 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
How Successful is Participatory Budgeting in Promoting Social Equity? Evidence from New York City
Kuenneke, A., & Scutelnicu, G. (2021) · Public Administration Quarterly · doi:10.37808/paq.45.4.2 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Tommasi, D. (2013) · Palgrave Macmillan eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137315304.0025 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
King County's Journey in Institutionalizing Equity and Social Justice
Valenzuela, M. (2017) · Public Administration Review · doi:10.1111/puar.12857 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
McShea, M. F., Park, Y., & Cordes, J. J. (2022) · Public Performance & Management Review · doi:10.1080/15309576.2022.2148318 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Gender budgeting and public policy: the challenges to operationalising gender justice in India
Nakray, K. (2015) · Policy & Politics · doi:10.1332/030557314x13914333479951 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
McDonald, B. D., & McCandless, S. A. (2021) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003240440-11 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Making Public Expenditures Equitable: Gender Responsive and Participatory Budgeting
Ng, C. (2015) · SpringerBriefs in environment, security, development and peace · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24496-9_1 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Licsandru, T. C., Meliou, E., Steccolini, I., & Chang, S. (2025) · Public Administration · doi:10.1111/padm.13049 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Barbera, C., Sicilia, M., & Steccolini, I. (2025) · Public Administration · doi:10.1111/padm.13068 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Establishing an Agenda for Public Budgeting and Finance Research
McDonald, B. D., Larson, S., Maher, C. S., Kavanagh, S. C., Hunter, K., Goodman, C. B., Minkowitz, H., McCandless, S. A., Afshan, S., Jordan, M. M., et al. (2024) · Public Finance Journal · doi:10.59469/pfj.2024.15 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationBarbera, C., Ferry, L., Hyndman, N. S., Liguori, M., McCandless, S. A., & Midgley, H. (2025) · Public Administration · doi:10.1111/padm.70012 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
A Polyphonic Debate on Social Equity Budgeting
McDonald, B. D., Ferry, L., McCandless, S. A., Jordan, M. M., Steccolini, I., Bartle, J. R., Ahrens, T., Haslam, J., Joyce, P. G., & Polzer, T. (2024) · Public Administration · doi:10.1111/padm.13039 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationParticipatory Budgeting for Social Equity: A Comparative Analysis
Taylor, C. R., Afshan, S., & Lawrence, K. L. (2025) · Public Administration · doi:10.1111/padm.13055 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Bartle, J. R., & Rubin, M. M. (2024) · Public Finance Journal · doi:10.59469/pfj.2024.33 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“A Practice of Fairness”: Social Equity Budgeting in Freedom City
Ferry, L., & Ahrens, T. (2025) · Public Administration · doi:10.1111/padm.13063 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Wei, W. (2024) · Public Administration Review · doi:10.1111/puar.13905 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Equity in budgeting: U.S. state and local government initiatives
Rubin, M. M., Bartle, J. R., & Willoughby, K. (2024) · Journal of Policy Studies · doi:10.52372/jps.e673 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Chen, C., Estorcien, V., & Neshkova, M. I. (2025) · Public Administration · doi:10.1111/padm.70023 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Racial Equity in Public Budgeting: An Analysis of Three Pioneer Cases
Guzmán, J. P. M., Jordan, M. M., & Joyce, P. G. (2025) · The American Review of Public Administration · doi:10.1177/02750740251332944 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationLofton, M. L., & Guzmán, J. P. M. (2026) · Public Administration · doi:10.1111/padm.70040 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Equity How and Equity for Whom? Incorporating Equity Into Local Government Budgeting Processes
Kennedy, A. R., Kim, Y., & Moran, T. (2026) · Public Administration · doi:10.1111/padm.70049 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Social equity in public budgeting: an analysis of Maryland’s counties
Guzmán, J. P. M., Beachley, L., & Ronquillo, J. C. (2025) · Journal of Public Budgeting Accounting & Financial Management · doi:10.1108/jpbafm-06-2025-0148 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Social Equity Practices in Public Financial Management: A Conceptual Review and Proposed Reforms
Bartle, J. R., Joyce, P., & Rubin, M. M. (2026) · Public Administration · doi:10.1111/padm.70056 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationRacial Equity Budgeting: Current Developments, Challenges, and the Way Forward
Park, Y., & McShea, M. F. (2025) · Public Finance and Management · doi:10.1177/15239721251330474 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Leading the Charge: The Role of Women in Municipal Budgeting
Afshan, S. (2025) · Public Administration · doi:10.1111/padm.70039 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Whose Priorities? Social Equity in the Priority‐Based Budgeting Process
Mitchell, D. A., Boyd, K. A., & Jordan, M. M. (2026) · Public Administration · doi:10.1111/padm.70046 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationMcDonald, B. D., & Maher, C. S. (2024) · Public Finance Journal · doi:10.59469/pfj.2024.16 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Republicanism-Based Budgeting: Politik Kewargaan dan Resistensi Terhadap Neoliberalisme dan Oligarki
Abjan, G., Djamhuri, A., & Roekhudin, R. (2024) · Jurnal Reviu Akuntansi dan Keuangan · doi:10.22219/jrak.v14i3.36011 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Advancing Social Equity Through Nudging
Strawderman, M., Smith, H. J. M., & Wooldridge, B. E. (2026) · Public Integrity · doi:10.1080/10999922.2026.2675844 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Even grounds: assessing discrimination in recruitment in the public sector
Leysen, B., Verhaeghe, P., & Derous, E. (2025) · International Journal of Public Sector Management · doi:10.1108/ijpsm-06-2024-0193
Rahman, M. A., Ahid, M. M. H., Tasnim, Z., Begum, R., Arif, I., & Hamid, A. E. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-4485-0.ch004
Social Equity in Budgeting: Challenges and Efforts to Improve Public Engagement
Wang, J. Q., & Sun, R. (2026) · State and Local Government Review · doi:10.1177/0160323x251407569
Possibilities for Social Equity Budgeting: Critical Insights From Bentham?
Ferry, L., Haslam, J., & Midgley, H. (2026) · Public Administration · doi:10.1111/padm.70047
Fiscal impact on the budget sensitivity to gender and race: a matrix analysis
Ferreira, L., Inácio, L., & Vargas, K. (2025) · Revista de Administração Pública · doi:10.1590/0034-761220250129
Wright, J. E., & Houston, B. (2026) · Perspectives on Public Management and Governance · doi:10.1093/ppmgov/gvag008
Huang, T., Wang, R., Chen, C., & Gao, H. (2026) · Public Administration · doi:10.1111/padm.70083
Bravo, A. G. R., & del Rosario, T. M. P. (2026) · Saber Estratégico Internacional · doi:10.70577/s.e.v4i3.86
- Authors
- Martínez Guzmán, J. P., Jordan, M. M., & Joyce, P. G.
- Affiliations
- School of Public Policy University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
- Old Dominion University (US)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Venue
- Public Administration
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2023-08-26
- Volume
- 102
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 797-814
- ISSN
- 0033-3298 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9299
- OpenAlex
- W4386190921
- Cited by
- 29
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 5
- FWCI
- 12.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Public Administration (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- University Libraries (University of Maryland) (submittedVersion)
- ODU Digital Commons (Old Dominion University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Digital Repository at the University of Maryland (University of Maryland College Park)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Public Administration › Public Policy and Administration Research
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Public Administration and Governance
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Critical Race Theory in Education
- Keywords
- public budgeting, critical race theory, racial equity, systemic racism, underrepresented minorities, social equity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review