Validation of the Resilience Scale for Adolescents in Norwegian adolescents 13–18 years
Abstract
Aim Resilience is seen as a vital resource for coping and mental health in adolescents. However, there is no universally accepted theory or definition of resilience, leading to considerable challenges regarding how to operationalise and measure this construct. The study aimed at providing further knowledge of the psychometric properties (dimensionality, construct validity and internal consistency) of the 28-item version of the Resilience Scale for Adolescents (READ) in N = 1183 Norwegian adolescents, 13-18 years old. Methods Dimensionality of READ was tested using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Convergent validity and reliability were tested using Pearson's correlation analysis, Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability. Results The CFA supported a modified, 20-item, five-factor structure with high reliability, supporting the dimensionality and internal consistency of the instrument. Convergent validity was confirmed where all factors correlated in expected directions with measures of sense of coherence, self-esteem, stress and depression. Conclusion The psychometric properties of the READ need to be further evaluated in adolescents; however, the results indicate that a modified 20-item version of READ is adequate for assessing resilience in the present sample of Norwegian adolescents.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The READ can be used during all of adolescence, from 14 to 15 years of age up to 18 to 20 years of age.
“Furthermore, several studies support the use of the scale during all of adolescence, from 14 to 15 years of age up to 18 to 20 years of age.”
From The prospective association of adolescent loneliness and low resilience with anxiety and depression in young adulthood: The HUNT study (2025) · cites this paper as [56]
Cites
Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development.
Masten, A. S. (2001) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.56.3.227 · Cited by 8,497 · see citing works
Psychological Resilience: A Review and Critique of Definitions, Concepts, and Theory
Fletcher, D., & Sarkar, M. (2013) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000124 · Cited by 2,547 · see citing works
A methodological review of resilience measurement scales
Windle, G., Bennett, K. M., & Noyes, J. (2011) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-9-8 · Cited by 2,079 · see citing works
Resilience as a dynamic concept
Rutter, M. (2012) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579412000028 · Cited by 1,853 · see citing works
What is resilience? A review and concept analysis.
Windle, G. (2011) · Reviews in Clinical Gerontology · doi:10.1017/s0959259810000420 · Cited by 1,761 · see citing works
Self-esteem development from age 14 to 30 years: A longitudinal study.
Erol, R. Y., & Orth, U. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0024299 · Cited by 474 · see citing works
Raykov, T. (2001) · British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology · doi:10.1348/000711001159582 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Parlikar, N., Strand, L. B., Kvaløy, K., Espnes, G. A., & Moksnes, U. K. (2025) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-025-02888-2 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The scale may also be relevant in more applied settings, where it could be used to identify strengths and weaknesses in life areas that may enhance resilient outcomes in adolescents exposed to risk [54–56].”
Self-citation
- Authors
- Moksnes, U. K., & Haugan, G.
- Affiliations
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Moksnes, Unni K.
- Venue
- Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-08-14
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 430-440
- ISSN
- 0283-9318 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-6712
- OpenAlex
- W2750451264
- Cited by
- 20
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 0.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Student Stress and Coping
- Keywords
- resilience, adolescents, psychometric validation, construct validity, internal consistency, factor structure, sense of coherence, self-esteem, stress, depression, Norwegian adolescents
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Psychology, Adolescent, Cross-Sectional Studies, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Norway, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Rural Population, Urban Population, Resilience, Psychological
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
