The Effect of EEG Neurofeedback Training on Sport Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Open accessAbstract
Neurofeedback training (NFT) has emerged as a promising technique for enhancing sports performance by enabling individuals to self‐regulate their neural activity. However, only 53% of the 13 included studies, all of which published before 2021, in the latest meta‐analyses of NFT and motor performance focused on motor performance outcomes. Due to the rapid development of neurofeedback, 8 high‐quality articles were published in 2023–2024 alone. Therefore, there is a need for a new meta‐analysis to update the impact of NFT on sports performance. In this systematic review and meta‐analysis, we have not only reassessed the knowledge of the effect of EEG neurofeedback in motor performance but have also incorporated a standardized methodology, known as the CRED‐nf checklist (Consensus on the reporting and experimental design of clinical and cognitive‐behavioral neurofeedback studies), for methodological evaluation of previous EEG neurofeedback studies. The study protocol was pre‐registered, and a systematic search was conducted across major databases to identify relevant randomized controlled trials. A total of 25 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis, with 21 studies eligible for the meta‐analysis. The meta‐analysis revealed a moderate positive effect of NFT on sport motor tasks, with a Hedges's g of 0.78 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.49–1.07. Importantly, subgroup analyses showed that studies with higher methodological quality scores, as assessed by the CRED‐nf checklist, had significantly larger effect sizes (Hedges's g = 1.07) compared to lower than median studies (Hedges's g = 0.49). This finding highlights the importance of addressing key methodological gaps, such as reporting on participant strategies, data processing methods, and the relationship between regulation success and behavioral outcomes. In conclusion, NFT showcases a moderate positive impact on sport motor task, particularly when high‐quality methodologies are employed, as assessed by the CRED‐nf checklist, underscoring the importance of rigorous study designs in future research.
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Neurofeedback allows athletes to monitor and regulate brain activity, enhancing emotional control in high-pressure situations.
“Neurofeedback allows athletes to monitor and regulate brain activity, enhancing emotional control in high-pressure situations [108].”
From The Effect of Different Psychological Interventions on Athletes' Competitive Anxiety: A Systematic Review and Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis. (2026) · cites this paper as [108]
The Introduction describes neurofeedback as learning from one’s own brain signals and regulating brain function. The Discussion (Other Moderator Variables) reports increased relaxation during putting tasks, but says psychological states after training have been infrequently reported. Neither passage establishes enhanced emotional control in high-pressure situations. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredYu et al. noted that junior athletes benefited more from biofeedback than elite athletes.
“Yu et al. [108] also noted that junior athletes benefited more from biofeedback than elite athletes.”
From The Effect of Different Psychological Interventions on Athletes' Competitive Anxiety: A Systematic Review and Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis. (2026) · cites this paper as [108]
In Results > Results of Syntheses (page not specified), novices had a larger effect from EEG neurofeedback than experts (g = 1.23 versus 0.60). The paper cautions that the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.06). It compares skill levels, not junior and elite age or competition categories, and does not establish the claim for biofeedback generally. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Yu, C., Cheng, M., An, X., Chueh, T., Wu, J., Wang, K., & Hung, T.
- Affiliations
- National Taiwan Normal University (TW)
- Taiwan Institute of Sports Science (TW)
- Beijing Sport University (CN)
- University of Taipei (TW)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- National Taiwan University (TW)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Kuo‐Pin
- Hung, Tsung‐Min
- Venue
- Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2025-04-24
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- e70055-e70055
- ISSN
- 0905-7188 (ISSN-L)
- 1600-0838
- PMC
- PMC12019780
- OpenAlex
- W4409772612
- Cited by
- 26
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 10
- FWCI
- 6.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PUB – Publications at Bielefeld University (Bielefeld University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Universität Bielefeld
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Sports and Physical Education Research
- Keywords
- neurofeedback, athletic performance, motor performance, methodological quality, randomized controlled trials, reporting quality
- MeSH terms
- Electroencephalography, Humans, Motor Skills, Athletic Performance, Neurofeedback
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