A Theoretical Model of Localized Heat and Water Vapor Transport in the Human Respiratory Tract
Abstract
A steady-state, one-dimensional theoretical model of human respiratory heat and water vapor transport is developed. Local mass transfer coefficients measured in a cast replica of the upper respiratory tract are incorporated into the model along with heat transfer coefficients determined from the Chilton-Colburn analogy and from data in the literature. The model agrees well with reported experimental measurements and predicts that the two most important parameters of the human air-conditioning process are: the blood temperature distribution along the airway walls, and the total cross-sectional area and perimeter of the nasal cavity. The model also shows that the larynx and pharynx can actually gain water over a respiratory cycle and are the regions of the respiratory tract most subject to drying. With slight modification, the model can be used to investigate respiratory heat and water vapor transport in high stress environments, pollutant gas uptake in the respiratory tract, and the connection between respiratory air-conditioning and the function of the mucociliary escalator.
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Inhaled air reaches 90% of the required temperature and humidity levels before reaching the nasopharynx, implicating the nasal cavity as the major conditioning apparatus in the respiratory tract.
“In fact, inhaled air reaches 90% of the required temperature and humidity levels before even reaching the nasopharynx, implicating the nasal cavity as the major conditioning apparatus in the respiratory tract [4,5].”
From Investigating the case of human nose shape and climate adaptation (2017) · cites this paper as [4]
The geometry of the nasal airways influences the velocity of inspired air.
“We also know that the geometry of the nasal airways influences the velocity of inspired air [4,7,45].”
From Investigating the case of human nose shape and climate adaptation (2017) · cites this paper as [4]
Inhaled air reaches 90% of the required temperature and humidity levels before reaching the nasopharynx, implicating the nasal cavity, especially the turbinates, as the major conditioning apparatus in the respiratory tract.
“Inhaled air reaches 90% of the required temperature and humidity levels before even reaching the nasopharynx, implicating the nasal cavity, especially the turbinates, as the major conditioning apparatus in the respiratory tract [4,5].”
From Investigating the case of human nose shape and climate adaptation (2017) · cites this paper as [4]
Cited by
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“On the basis of a theoretical model, Hanna and Scherer (12) predict that the blood temperature distribution along the airway wall and the total cross-sectional area and perimeter of the nasal cavity are the two most important parameters of the human air conditioning response.”
BackgroundInvestigating the case of human nose shape and climate adaptation
Zaidi, A. A., Mattern, B. C., Claes, P., McEcoy, B., Hughes, C., & Shriver, M. D. (2017) · PLOS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006616 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
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“In summary, most mathematical models and numerical simulations employed empirically derived heat and mass transfer coefficients to estimate transfer processes between resident air and airway walls, or focused only on 1-D and 2-D water vapor and temperature distributions in the human airways (see Daviskas et al. 1990 ;…”
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Maddux, S. D., Butaric, L. N., Yokley, T. R., & Franciscus, R. G. (2016) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.23100 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Local airway heat and water vapour losses
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Self-citationNasal septal and craniofacial form in European‐ and African‐derived populations
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“…increasing total mucosal surface area and thus increasing the ability to condition respired air (Schmidt-Nielsen et al. 1970; Collins et al. 1971; Hanna & Scherer, 1986; Schroter & Watkins, 1989; Yokley, 2006, 2009; Lindemann et al. 2009), it also increases the propensity for mouth breathing…”
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“Evidence from experimental [4] and theoretical studies [5, 6] has shown that a significant proportion of the water lost during hyperpnoea comes from the intrathoracic airways.”
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The Nasal Passage of Subjects with Asthma Has a Decreased Ability to Warm and Humidify Inspired Air
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“The heat convection coefficient hf between the mucosal surface and the flowing air stream is evaluated from physiological data by a naphthalene sublimation experiment [14].”
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“Hanna and Scherer (1986) proposed values of these coefficients in the upper respiratory tract.”
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Lindemann, J., Leiacker, R., Rettinger, G., et al. (2003) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/09031936.03.00061103 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“The blood temperature distribution along the airway walls reflecting the nasal mucosal temperature and the nasal cavity volume are considered to be the two most important parameters of the human air conditioning process as described by HANNA and SCHERER [1] in a theoretical model.”
MethodResultInfluentialSiu, J., Inthavong, K., Dong, J., et al. (2020) · Clinical Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2020.105237 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Ipratropium Bromide Increases the Ability of the Nose to Warm and Humidify Air
Assanasen, P., BAROODY, F. M., Rouadi, P. W., et al. (2000) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/ajrccm.162.3.9912055 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“In our studies, we evaluated the contributions of the two major theoretical mechanisms that might lead to the alteration of nasal conditioning capacity: changes in the nasal mucosal surface temperature and in the volume of the nasal cavity ( 7 ).”
BackgroundComprehensive Analysis of Heat and Water Exchanges in the Human Lungs
Haut, B., Nonclercq, A., Buess, A., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.649497 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Despite their clinical interest, the analysis of the heat and water exchanges in the lungs has been the subject of a limited number of modeling works (Saidel et al., 1983; Ferron et al., 1985; Ingenito et al., 1986; Scherer and Hanna, 1986; Tsu et al., 1988; Daviskas et al., 1990; Tsai et al., 1990; Tawhai and Hunter,…”
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“In a theoretical model temperature distribution along nasal airways surface and nasal cavity volume are considered to be the two main predictive factors for the eVectiveness of nasal air conditioning [ 5 ].”
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Supine position decreases the ability of the nose to warm and humidify air
Assanasen, P., Baroody, F. M., Naureckas, E. T., et al. (2001) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.91.6.2459 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“We hypothesized, consistent with the hypothesis raised by Hanna and Scherer (16), that decreasing nasal volume by placing subjects in the supine position would increase the ability of the nose to warm and humidify air compared with unaltered nasal volume in the upright position.”
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Heat transfer and fluid flow analysis in a realistic 16-generation lung
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“At a steady state, the overall thermal conductance was calculated as the ratio of total heat loss to the difference between the blood temperature and the temperature of the expired gas (15, 28).”
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“This is due to the conditioning effects of the nasopharynx, which are accounted for by using the data of Hanna and Scherer (17) to estimate the concentration of water in the air traveling through the trachea.”
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“(B) Detection sites of air-conditioning measurements in the airstream, at the level in front of the head of (1) inferior turbinate and (2) middle turbinate.”
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“Some studies indicated nasal cavity volume as the main predictive factor for air conditioning function, together with temperature distribution along the nasal surface.(31) Even in this respect, M-EMM scores better than EMM, although the significance of comparisons based on a constant pressure drop remains to be assess…”
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“[ 90 ]. If approximating the tract as a two dimensional structure (Fig. 1), along the axial (x) and radius direction, the tissue temperature can be considered as continuous functions of space positions and time (t), while the air temperature along the respiratory tract was treated as only the continuous functions of a…”
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Airway thermal volume in humans and its relation to body size
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“In accordance with the predictions of models of lung heat exchange at the steady state (3, 8, 20), changes in the difference of the absolute temperatures between steady states at normal and high blood flow are small.”
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Effects of the ventilation pattern and pulmonary blood flow on lung heat transfer
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“Several models have been developed to characterize the conditioning of the inspired air by the bronchial tree (Daviscas et al. 1990; Eisner 1989; George et al. 1990; Hanna and Scherer 1986; Ingenito et al. 1986; Ramm et al. 1989; Tsu et al. 1988).”
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“Heat convection coefficients were determined based on the observation of Hanna and Scherer for naphthalene vapor absorption [14]. hfm ¼ CHR0:984e Sc1=3: ð4Þ The Hanna coefficient (CH) for inspiration (CHi) and exhalation (CHe) as well as the Reynolds numbers (Re) for the various subunits of the upper airway are listed…”
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Cold, Dry Air, and Hyperosmolar Challenges in Rhinitis
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“Among these, the geometry of the nasal cavity and the temperature of the nasal mucosa appear to be key factors [15].”
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“The boundary conditions can be written as follows [11]”
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“This conclusion agrees with the work of Hanna and Scherer (1986)”
ResultPinto, J. M., Assanasen, P., Baroody, F. M., et al. (2005) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00857.2004 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Prediction of upper airway dryness and optimal continuous positive airway pressure conditions
Grau-Bartual, S., & Al‐Jumaily, A. M. (2020) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.110037 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“(ii) Axial conduction and convection heat along the airway are assumed to be negligible, while the radial conduction and convection heat are the main sources of energy (Hanna and Scherer, 1986; Daviskas, Gonda and Anderson, 1990; Yu, Lau and Nikezic, 2006).”
InfluentialExamining respiratory comfort in vernacular and conventional buildings
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On the Coupled Mass and Energy Transport Phenomena During Breathing of High Volume Aqueous Aerosols
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Capacity of Brain Cooling Via Ventilating Oxygen at Low Temperature Over Respiratory Tract
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“The heat convection coefficient f h between the mucousal surface and the flowing oxygen stream is evaluated from physiological data by naphthalene sublimation experiment [10].”
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A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF HEAT AND MOISTURE EXCHANGE IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT OF A HUMAN (RESEARCH)
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Not Only Olfaction: The Nose, Protagonist of the Diversity and Individuality of the Human Face
Cilli, E., & Gruppioni, G. (2021) · Olfaction: An Interdisciplinary Perspective from Philosophy to Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-75205-7_3
Association of Nose Size and Shapes with Self-rated Health and Mibyeong
Ahn, I., Bae, K.-H., Jin, H., & Lee, S. (2021) · 동의생리병리학회지 · doi:10.15188/kjopp.2021.12.35.6.267
(2003) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9780203911693.bmatt1
- Authors
- Hanna, L. M., & Scherer, P. W.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Biomechanical Engineering
- Publisher
- ASME International
- Published
- 1986-02-01
- Volume
- 108
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 19-27
- ISSN
- 0148-0731 (ISSN-L)
- 1528-8951
- OpenAlex
- W1998876513
- Cited by
- 82
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 1.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Biomechanical Engineering (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Heat Transfer and Optimization
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Nasal Surgery and Airway Studies
- Keywords
- respiratory tract, mass transfer coefficient, Chilton-Colburn analogy
- MeSH terms
- Body Temperature Regulation, Body Water, Computers, Humans, Models, Theoretical, Mucous Membrane, Respiration, Respiratory Physiological Phenomena
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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