The DOI matches its Crossref record; 23 of the 23 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Imaging of zinc oxide nanoparticle penetration in human skin in vitro and in vivo
Open accessAbstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO-nano) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (20 to 30 nm) are widely used in several topical skin care products, such as sunscreens. However, relatively few studies have addressed the subdermal absorption of these nanoparticles in vivo. We report on investigation of the distribution of topically applied ZnO in excised and in vivo human skin, using multiphoton microscopy (MPM) imaging with a combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and an energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX) technique to determine the level of penetration of nanoparticles into the sub-dermal layers of the skin. The good visualization of ZnO in skin achieved appeared to result from two factors. First, the ZnO principal photoluminescence at 385 nm is in the "quiet" spectral band of skin autofluorescence dominated by the endogenous skin fluorophores, i.e., NAD[P]H and FAD. Second, the two-photon action cross section of ZnO-nano [sigma(ZnO) ((TPEF)) approximately 0.26 GM; diameter, 18 nm] is high: approximately 500-fold of that inferred from its bulk third-order nonlinear susceptibility [Im chi(ZnO) ((3))], and is favorably compared to that of NAD[P]H and FAD. The overall outcome from MPM, SEM, and EDX studies was that, in humans in vivo, ZnO nanoparticles stayed in the stratum corneum (SC) and accumulated into skin folds and/or hair follicle roots of human skin. Given the lack of penetration of these nanoparticles past the SC and that the outermost layers of SC have a good turnover rate, these data suggest that the form of ZnO-nano studied here is unlikely to result in safety concerns.
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Cites
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Self-citationSkin penetration and distribution of polymeric nanoparticles
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Prow, T. W., Grice, J. E., Lin, L. L., Faye, R., Butler, M., Becker, W., Wurm, E. M. T., Yoong, C., Robertson, T. A., Soyer, H. P., et al. (2011) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2011.01.012 · Cited by 873
Self-citationNanoparticles and their interactions with the dermal barrier
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Nanoparticles skin absorption: New aspects for a safety profile evaluation
Larese Filon, F., Mauro, M., Adami, G., Bovenzi, M., & Crosera, M. (2015) · Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.05.005 · Cited by 390
Sunscreens: An overview and update
Sambandan, D. R., & Ratner, D. (2011) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2010.01.005 · Cited by 365
Gulson, B., McCall, M., Korsch, M., Gomez, L., Casey, P., Oytam, Y., Taylor, A., McCulloch, M., Trotter, J., Kinsley, L., et al. (2010) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfq243 · Cited by 329
Metadata
- Authors
- Zvyagin, A. V., Zhao, X., Gierden, A., Sanchez, W., Ross, J. A., & Roberts, M. S.
- Venue
- Journal of Biomedical Optics
- Publisher
- SPIE-Intl Soc Optical Eng
- Published
- 2008
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 064031
- ISSN
- 1083-3668 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2170875212
- Cited by
- 317
- References
- 23
- FWCI
- 11.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
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