The DOI matches its Crossref record; 12 of the 12 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
On detection of median filtering in digital images
Abstract
In digital image forensics, it is generally accepted that intentional manipulations of the image content are most critical and hence numerous forensic methods focus on the detection of such 'malicious' post-processing. However, it is also beneficial to know as much as possible about the general processing history of an image, including content-preserving operations, since they can affect the reliability of forensic methods in various ways. In this paper, we present a simple yet effective technique to detect median filtering in digital images-a widely used denoising and smoothing operator. As a great variety of forensic methods relies on some kind of a linearity assumption, a detection of non-linear median filtering is of particular interest. The effectiveness of our method is backed with experimental evidence on a large image database.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Book Review: Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning
Nasrabadi, N. M. (2007) · Journal of Electronic Imaging · doi:10.1117/1.2819119 · Cited by 22,066
Farid, H. (2009) · IEEE Signal Processing Magazine · doi:10.1109/msp.2008.931079 · Cited by 925
Steganalysis by subtractive pixel adjacency matrix
Pevný, T., Bas, P., & Fridrich, J. (2009) · Proceedings of the 11th ACM workshop on Multimedia and security · doi:10.1145/1597817.1597831 · Cited by 769
Self-citationExposing digital forgeries by detecting traces of resampling
Popescu, A., & Farid, H. (2005) · doi:10.1109/tsp.2004.839932(410 · Cited by 655
Order statistics in digital image processing
Pitas, I., & Venetsanopoulos, A. N. (1992) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/5.192071 · Cited by 476
Hiding Traces of Resampling in Digital Images
Kirchner, M., & Bohme, R. (2008) · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security · doi:10.1109/tifs.2008.2008214 · Cited by 208
Self-citationThe Effect of Median Filtering on Edge Estimation and Detection
Bovik, A. C., Huang, T. S., & Munson, D. C. (1987) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.1987.4767894 · Cited by 202
Revisiting weighted stego-image steganalysis
Ker, A. D., & Böhme, R. (2008) · SPIE Proceedings · doi:10.1117/12.766820 · Cited by 176
Streaking in median filtered images
Bovik, A. C. (1987) · IEEE Transactions on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/tassp.1987.1165153 · Cited by 152
Overview of State-of-the-Art in Digital Image Forensics
Sencar, H. T., & Memon, N. D. (2008) · Statistical science and interdisciplinary research · doi:10.1142/9789812836243_0015 · Cited by 147
Cited by
A Deep Learning Approach to Universal Image Manipulation Detection Using a New Convolutional Layer
Bayar, B., & Stamm, M. C. (2016) · Proceedings of the 4th ACM Workshop on Information Hiding and Multimedia Security · doi:10.1145/2909827.2930786 · Cited by 838
Bayar, B., & Stamm, M. C. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security · doi:10.1109/tifs.2018.2825953 · Cited by 599
Noiseprint: A CNN-Based Camera Model Fingerprint
Cozzolino, D., & Verdoliva, L. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security · doi:10.1109/tifs.2019.2916364 · Cited by 499
Median Filtering Forensics Based on Convolutional Neural Networks
Chen, J., Kang, X., Liu, Y., & Wang, Z. J. (2015) · IEEE Signal Processing Letters · doi:10.1109/lsp.2015.2438008 · Cited by 425
Information Forensics: An Overview of the First Decade
Stamm, M. C., Wu, M., & Liu, K. J. R. (2013) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2013.2260814 · Cited by 394
Metadata
- Authors
- Kirchner, M., & Fridrich, J.
- Venue
- SPIE Proceedings
- Publisher
- SPIE
- Published
- 2010-02-04
- Volume
- 7541
- Pages
- 754110
- ISSN
- 0277-786X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2019716459
- Cited by
- 278
- References
- 12
- FWCI
- 9.35
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: On detection of median filtering in digital images. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1117/12.839100
- The paper
- Kirchner, M., & Fridrich, J. (2010). On detection of median filtering in digital images. SPIE Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.839100
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.