Speaker normalization in the perception of Mandarin Chinese tones
Open accessAbstract
This study investigated speaker normalization in perception of Mandarin tone 2 (midrising) and tone 3 (low-falling–rising) by examining listeners’ use of F0 range as a cue to speaker identity. Two speakers were selected such that tone 2 of the low-pitched speaker and tone 3 of the high-pitched speaker occurred at equivalent F0 heights. Production and perception experiments determined that turning point (or inflection point of the tone), and ΔF0 (the difference in F0 between onset and turning point) distinguished the two tones. Three tone continua varying in either turning point, ΔF0, or both acoustic dimensions, were then appended to a natural precursor phrase from each of the two speakers. Results showed identification shifts such that identical stimuli were identified as low tones for the high precursor condition, but as high tones for the low precursor condition. Stimuli varying in turning point showed no significant shift, suggesting that listeners normalize only when the precursor varies in the same dimension as the stimuli. The magnitude of the shift was greater for stimuli varying only in ΔF0, as compared to stimuli varying in both turning point and ΔF0, indicating that normalization effects are reduced for stimuli more closely matching natural speech.
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- Authors
- Moore, C. B., & Jongman, A.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- ORCID
- Jongman, Allard
- Venue
- The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
- Publisher
- Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
- Published
- 1997-09-01
- Volume
- 102
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1864-1877
- ISSN
- 0001-4966 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-8524
- OpenAlex
- W2096056018
- Cited by
- 270
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 0.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- KU ScholarWorks (University of Kansas) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Phonetics and Phonology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Music Perception
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Speech Recognition and Synthesis
- Keywords
- speaker normalization, Mandarin tones, tone perception, fundamental frequency, turning points, tone recognition, speaker identity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, China, Female, Humans, Male, Phonetics, Speech Acoustics, Speech Perception
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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