Cited by 263Coffee research and impactsSports Performance and TrainingMuscle metabolism and nutrition

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Effects of Caffeine Ingestion on Exercise Testing: A Meta-Analysis

Doherty, Mike, Smith, Paul M.·2004·International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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Abstract

This study used the meta-analytic approach to examine the effects of caffeine ingestion on exercise testing. Forty double-blind studies with 76 effect sizes (ES) met the inclusion criteria. The type of exercise test was classified as endurance, graded, or short-term. In comparison with placebo, caffeine improved test outcome by 12.3% (95% CI, 9.1 to 15.4), which was equivalent to an overall ES of 0.41 (95% CI, 0.31 to 0.51). Endurance exercise significantly improved test outcome (P < 0.05) more than either graded or short-term exercise. When exercise protocol was examined, time-to-exhaustion (T lim) protocols had a significantly greater (P < 0.05) ES than either the graded or the non-T lim protocol(s). The results from this meta-analysis confirm the ergogenic effects of caffeine, particularly for endurance testing that use T lim protocols.

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Authors: Doherty, M., & Smith, P. M.
Affiliations: University of London (GB)
ORCID: Smith, Paul M.
Venue: International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism
Publisher: Human Kinetics
Published: 2004-12
Volume: 14
Issue: 6
Pages: 626-646
ISSN: 1526-484X (ISSN-L)
1543-2742
DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.14.6.626
OpenAlex: W133690388
Cited by: 263
References: 71
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 20
FWCI: 2.78
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Johns Hopkins University
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Coffee research and impacts
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Keywords: caffeine, ergogenic aids, exercise testing, endurance exercise, time to exhaustion, graded exercise, short-term exercise, placebo comparison, caffeine supplementation
MeSH terms: Adult, Caffeine, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Double-Blind Method, Exercise Test, Female, Humans, Male, Physical Endurance, Exercise, Confidence Intervals, Odds Ratio, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

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Effects of Caffeine Ingestion on Exercise Testing: A Meta-Analysis

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