The DOI matches its Crossref record; 71 of the 71 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effects of Caffeine Ingestion on Exercise Testing: A Meta-Analysis
Abstract
This study used the meta-analytic approach to examine the effects of caffeine ingestion on exercise testing. Forty double-blind studies with 76 effect sizes (ES) met the inclusion criteria. The type of exercise test was classified as endurance, graded, or short-term. In comparison with placebo, caffeine improved test outcome by 12.3% (95% CI, 9.1 to 15.4), which was equivalent to an overall ES of 0.41 (95% CI, 0.31 to 0.51). Endurance exercise significantly improved test outcome (P < 0.05) more than either graded or short-term exercise. When exercise protocol was examined, time-to-exhaustion (T lim) protocols had a significantly greater (P < 0.05) ES than either the graded or the non-T lim protocol(s). The results from this meta-analysis confirm the ergogenic effects of caffeine, particularly for endurance testing that use T lim protocols.
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“The performance-enhancing effects of caffeine during physical exercise include delayed time to exhaustion and lower ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) (Doherty and Smith 2004; Pereira et al. 2016).”
From Effects of caffeine and acute exercise on the validity of a submaximal cycle ergometer test: a randomised, placebo-controlled crossover study (2026) · cites this paper as Doherty and Smith 2004
Citations
Cites
Distribution Theory for Glass's Estimator of Effect Size and Related Estimators
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Graham, T. E. (2001) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200131110-00002 · Cited by 819
A new validated endurance performance test
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Metabolic, Catecholamine, and Exercise Performance Responses to Various Doses of Caffeine
Graham, T. E., & Spriet, L. L. (1995) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1995.78.3.867 · Cited by 488
Performance and metabolic responses to a high caffeine dose during prolonged exercise
Graham, T. E., & Spriet, L. L. (1991) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1991.71.6.2292 · Cited by 340
Effect of different protocols of caffeine intake on metabolism and endurance performance
Cox, G. R., Desbrow, B., Montgomery, P. G., Anderson, M. E., Bruce, C. R., Macrides, T. A., Martin, D. T., Moquin, A., Roberts, A., Hawley, J. A., et al. (2002) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00249.2002 · Cited by 309
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Caffeinated energy drinks a growing problem
Reissig, C. J., Strain, E. C., & Griffiths, R. R. (2009) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.08.001 · Cited by 1,026
Heckman, M. A., Weil, J., & de Mejía, E. G. (2010) · Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01561.x · Cited by 1,116
A Review of Caffeine’s Effects on Cognitive, Physical and Occupational Performance
McLellan, T. M., Caldwell, J. A., & Lieberman, H. R. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.001 · Cited by 840
International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and performance
Goldstein, E. R., Ziegenfuss, T., Kalman, D., Kreider, R., Campbell, B., Wilborn, C., Taylor, L., Willoughby, D., Stout, J., Graves, B. S., et al. (2010) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-7-5 · Cited by 686
International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Caffeine and Exercise Performance
Guest, N. S., VanDusseldorp, T. A., Nelson, M. T., Grgic, J., Schoenfeld, B. J., Jenkins, N. D. M., Arent, S. M., Antonio, J., Stout, J. R., Trexler, E. T., et al. (2021) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-020-00383-4 · Cited by 665
Metadata
- Authors
- Doherty, M., & Smith, P. M.
- Affiliations
- University of London (GB)
- ORCID
- Smith, Paul M.
- Venue
- International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism
- Publisher
- Human Kinetics
- Published
- 2004-12
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 626-646
- ISSN
- 1526-484X (ISSN-L)
- 1543-2742
- OpenAlex
- W133690388
- Cited by
- 263
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 2.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Johns Hopkins University
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Coffee research and impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- caffeine, ergogenic aids, exercise testing, endurance exercise, time to exhaustion, graded exercise, short-term exercise, placebo comparison, caffeine supplementation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Caffeine, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Double-Blind Method, Exercise Test, Female, Humans, Male, Physical Endurance, Exercise, Confidence Intervals, Odds Ratio, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
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