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Cited by 39Thermoregulation and physiological responsesSports Performance and TrainingCardiovascular and exercise physiology

Water and Salt Balance of Well-Trained Swimmers in Training

Maughan, Ronald J., Dargavel, Lisa A., Hares, Rachael, Shirreffs, Susan M.·2009·International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism
DOI 10.1123/ijsnem.19.6.598
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Abstract

This study investigated fluid and electrolyte balance in well-trained male and female swimmers during 2 training sessions. Participants were 17 nationally ranked swimmers measured during a period of intensive training. Sweat loss was assessed from changes in body mass after correction for fluid intake and urine collection. Sweat composition was measured from waterproof absorbent patches applied at 4 skin sites. Air and pool-water temperatures were 36 °C and 27.4 °C, respectively. Training lasted 105 min in each session. All measured variables were similar on the 2 testing days. Mean sweat-volume loss was 548 ± 243 ml, and mean sweat rate was 0.31 ± 0.1 L/hr. Mean fluid intake was 489 ± 270 ml. Mean body-mass loss was 0.10 ± 0.50 kg, equivalent to 0.1% ± 0.7% dehydration. Mean pretraining urine osmolality was 662 ± 222 mOsm/kg, which was negatively associated with both mean drink volume consumed (p = .044, r2 = .244) and mean urine volume produced during training (p = .002, r2 = .468). Mean sweat Na+, K+, and Cl− concentrations (mmol/L) were 43 ± 14, 4 ± 1, and 31± 9, respectively; values were not different between males and females and were not different between days except for a marginal difference in K+ concentration. The average swimmer remained hydrated during the session, and calculated sweat rates were similar to those in previous aquatic studies.

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Crossref · 10.1123/ijsnem.19.6.598

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  • Sweat rates in swimmers are lower than that of athletes on land and range from 0.33 to 1.6 l/h, depending on workout intensity and water temperature.

    “The sweat rates in swimmers is lower than that of athletes on land and has been shown to range from 0.33 to 1.6 l/h, depending on the workout intensity and water temperature.70–72”

    From Wearable sensors for monitoring the physiological and biochemical profile of the athlete (2019) · cites this paper as [72]

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Related

Authors
Maughan, R. J., Dargavel, L. A., Hares, R., & Shirreffs, S. M.
Affiliations
Loughborough University (GB)
ORCID
Maughan, Ronald J.
Venue
International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism
Publisher
Human Kinetics
Published
2009-12
Volume
19
Issue
6
Pages
598-606
ISSN
  • 1526-484X (ISSN-L)
  • 1543-2742
DOI
10.1123/ijsnem.19.6.598
OpenAlex
W186116131
Cited by
39
References
22
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 7 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 2
FWCI
1.10
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
Loughborough University
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Keywords
fluid balance, electrolyte balance, swimmers, sweat loss, sweat rate, sweat composition, dehydration, urine osmolality, fluid intake, training sessions, aquatic exercise, sodium, potassium, chloride
MeSH terms
Body Temperature Regulation, Chlorides, Drinking, Female, Humans, Male, Osmolar Concentration, Potassium, Sodium, Sweat, Sweating, Swimming, Urine, Water-Electrolyte Balance, Urinalysis, Young Adult

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