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Vitamin D Supplementation and Physical Performance in Adolescent Swimmers
Abstract
It is hypothesized that vitamin D insufficiency in athletes might negatively affect sport performance. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of vitamin D 3 supplementation on physical performance of adolescent swimmers with vitamin D insufficiency. Fifty-three adolescent competitive swimmers with vitamin D insufficiency (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin-D concentrations (25(OH)D)<30ng/ml, mean 24.2 ± 4.8ng/ml) were randomized to receive 2,000IU/day of vitamin D 3 or placebo for 12 weeks. Swimming performance at several speeds, arm-grip strength, and one-legged balance, were measured before and after supplementation. The age-adjusted changes in performance variables during the study were compared between groups. 25(OH) D concentrations at study end were significantly higher in the vitamin group compared with the placebo group (29.6 ± 6.5ng/ml vs. 20.3 ± 4.2ng/ml, p < .001), yet only 48% of the vitamin group became vitamin D sufficient with this dosing. No between-group differences were found in the changes of the performance variables tested. No significant differences in performance were found between participants that became vitamin D sufficient, and those who did not. No significant correlation was found between the change in serum 25(OH)D and ageadjusted balance, strength or swimming performance at study end. Vitamin D 3 supplementation that raised serum 25(OH)D concentrations by a mean of 9.3ng/ml above placebo in adolescent swimmers with vitamin D insufficiency, did not improve physical performance more than placebo.
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“Furthermore, while optimal levels of vitamin D have been linked to improved muscle health [145] and strength [146] in general populations, research studies conducted in athletes generally fail to report on the ergogenic impact of vitamin D in athletes [147, 148].”
From ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations (2018) · cites this paper as [148]
In the citing paper
“In contrast, evaluating the effect of 2000 UI/day (50 µg/day) of vitamin D3 supplementation for 12 weeks on physical performance in adolescent swimmers with insufficiency did not reveal a significant difference between those who became sufficient and those who did not [25].”
From Use of Nutritional Strategies, Bioactive Compounds, and Dietary Supplements in Young Athletes: From Evidence to Potential Risks—A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“These unfavorable trends have also found among adolescent swimmers indicating that the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency was ranged from 66.2% to 67.1% [11,12].”
From The Associations of Vitamin D Status with Athletic Performance and Blood-borne Markers in Adolescent Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Study (2019) · cites this paper as [11]
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Cited by
ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations
Kerksick, C. M., Wilborn, C. D., Roberts, M. D., Smith-Ryan, A., Kleiner, S. M., Jäger, R., Collins, R., Cooke, M., Davis, J. N., Galvan, E., et al. (2018) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-018-0242-y · Cited by 945
Mechanisms of vitamin D action in skeletal muscle
Montenegro, K. R., Cruzat, V., Carlessi, R., & Newsholme, P. (2019) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422419000064 · Cited by 147
Vitamin D, Skeletal Muscle Function and Athletic Performance in Athletes—A Narrative Review
Książek, A., Zagrodna, A., & Słowińska-Lisowska, M. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11081800 · Cited by 138
Farrokhyar, F., Sivakumar, G., Savage, K., Koziarz, A., Jamshidi, S., Ayeni, O. R., Peterson, D., & Bhandari, M. (2017) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0749-4 · Cited by 76
Influence of Vitamin D Supplementation by Sunlight or Oral D3 on Exercise Performance
CARSWELL, A. T., OLIVER, S. J., WENTZ, L. M., KASHI, D. S., ROBERTS, R., TANG, J. C. Y., IZARD, R. M., JACKSON, S., ALLAN, D., RHODES, L. E., et al. (2018) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001721 · Cited by 73
Metadata
- Authors
- Dubnov-Raz, G., Livne, N., Raz, R., Cohen, A. H., & Constantini, N. W.
- Venue
- International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism
- Publisher
- Human Kinetics
- Published
- 2015-08
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 317-325
- ISSN
- 1526-484X (ISSN-L)
- 1543-2742
- OpenAlex
- W2038051752
- Cited by
- 62
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 3.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Vitamin D Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Keywords
- vitamin D3 supplementation, vitamin D insufficiency, adolescent swimmers, swimming performance, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, grip strength
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Calcifediol, Child, Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Cholecalciferol, Double-Blind Method, Postural Balance, Female, Humans, Israel, Male, Severity of Illness Index, Swimming, Vitamin D Deficiency, Cohort Studies, Adolescent Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Dietary Supplements, Muscle Strength, Athletic Performance, Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Vitamin D Supplementation and Physical Performance in Adolescent Swimmers. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0180
- The paper
- Dubnov-Raz, G., Livne, N., Raz, R., Cohen, A. H., & Constantini, N. W. (2015). Vitamin D Supplementation and Physical Performance in Adolescent Swimmers. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0180
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Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
