Association Between Deoxygenated Hemoglobin Breaking Point, Anaerobic Threshold, and Rowing Performance
Open accessAbstract
Purpose: To compare the intensity and physiological responses of deoxygenated hemoglobin breaking point ([HHb]BP) and anaerobic threshold (AnT) during an incremental test and to verify their association with 2000-m rowing-ergometer performance in well-trained rowers. Methods: A total of 13 male rowers (mean [SD] age = 24 [11] y and = 63.7 [6.1] mL·kg−1·min−1) performed a step incremental test. Gas exchange, vastus lateralis [HHb], and blood lactate concentration were measured. Power output, , and heart rate of [HHb]BP and AnT were determined and compared with each other. A 2000-m test was performed in another visit. Results: No differences were found between [HHb]BP and AnT in the power output (236 [31] vs 234 [31] W; Δ = 0.7%), 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.7%), (4.2 [0.5] vs 4.3 [0.4] L·min−1; Δ = −0.8%, 95% CI 4.0%), or heart rate (180 [16] vs 182 [12] beats·min−1; Δ = −1.6%, 95% CI 2.1%); however, there was high typical error of estimate (TEE) and wide 95% limits of agreement (LoA) for power output (TEE 10.7%, LoA 54.1–50.6 W), (TEE 5.9%, LoA −0.57 to 0.63 L·min−1), and heart rate (TEE 2.4%, LoA −9.6 to 14.7 beats·min−1). Significant correlations were observed between [HHb]BP (r = .70) and AnT (r = .89) with 2000-m mean power. Conclusions: These results demonstrate a breaking point in [HHb] of the vastus lateralis muscle during the incremental test that is capable of distinguishing rowers with different performance levels. However, the high random error would compromise the use of [HHb]BP for training and testing in rowing.
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The second threshold was determined using blood lactate concentration and muscle oxygenation in different sports including cycling, running, and rowing.
“The second threshold was determined using the blood lactate concentration and muscle oxygenation in different sports such as cycling16,17,46–48, running44,45,49 and rowing26.”
From Reliability of threshold determination using portable muscle oxygenation monitors during exercise testing: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [26]
The included articles used different methods for determining thresholds: BSX Insight (20%, N=3), double linear regression (46%, N=7), visual method, Dmax or modified Dmax, and Humon Beta.
“The articles included in this systematic review use different methods for determining thresholds: BSX Insight (20%, N = 3)45,47,49, double linear regression (46%, N = 7)16,26,39,41–44, visual method17,25,40, Dmax or modified Dmax46 and applications of devices Humon Beta48.”
From Reliability of threshold determination using portable muscle oxygenation monitors during exercise testing: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [26]
The vastus lateralis was the most assessed muscle, although other muscles (gastrocnemius, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, lateral deltoid, intercostal) were also evaluated.
“Vastus lateralis was the muscle most assessed16,25,26,40–44,46, although other muscles such as gastrocnemius44,45,47,49, rectus femoris17, biceps femoris44, lateral deltoid43 or intercostal39 were also evaluated.”
From Reliability of threshold determination using portable muscle oxygenation monitors during exercise testing: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [26]
Available data are conflicting on the agreement between NIRS-derived breakpoints and LT1 and LT2, with some reports of very wide limits of agreement when compared to LT2 specifically.
“Collectively, available data is conflicting on the agreement between NIRS derived breakpoints and LT1 and LT2 (Sendra-Pérez et al., 2023), with some reports of very wide limits of agreement when compared to LT2 specifically (Turnes et al., 2019).”
From Monitoring skeletal muscle oxygen saturation kinetics during graded exercise testing in NCAA division I female rowers (2025) · cites this paper as Turnes et al., 2019
Turnes et al. found a significant correlation between HHb|BP and anaerobic threshold (r = 0.63, p = 0.02), with no difference between mean power at HHb|BP and anaerobic threshold (236 vs 234 W).
“They found a significant correlation between (HHb|BP) and AnT (r = 0.63, p = 0.02), with no difference between mean power at (HHb|BP) and AnT (236 vs 234 W, respectively).”
From Monitoring skeletal muscle oxygen saturation kinetics during graded exercise testing in NCAA division I female rowers (2025) · cites this paper as Turnes et al., 2019
Turnes et al. reported high typical error of estimate (10.7%) and wide 95% limits of agreement (−54.1 to 50.6 W) between HHb|BP and anaerobic threshold, cautioning use of this technology with rowers.
“However, there was high typical error of estimate (10.7%) and wide 95% limits of agreement (−54.1 to 50.6 W); such high variability should caution coaches and sport scientists about using this technology with rowers (Turnes et al., 2019).”
From Monitoring skeletal muscle oxygen saturation kinetics during graded exercise testing in NCAA division I female rowers (2025) · cites this paper as Turnes et al., 2019
Wearable NIRS technology appears to be a non-invasive complimentary tool to BLa testing when worn during the chosen discontinuous 7x4-min GXT protocol.
“Wearable NIRS technology appears to be a non-invasive complimentary tool to BLa testing when worn during the chosen discontinuous 7x4-min GXT protocol, which is in agreement with prior research (Turnes et al., 2019).”
From Monitoring skeletal muscle oxygen saturation kinetics during graded exercise testing in NCAA division I female rowers (2025) · cites this paper as Turnes et al., 2019
The 30-second recovery periods between stages may have influenced muscle oxygenation dynamics in gastrocnemius muscle during the incremental protocol in the present study, increasing O2 delivery and partial resynthesis of energy substrates (PCr, ATP, and glycogen), temporarily delaying muscle deoxygenation and compromising the concordance between HHb-BP and LT2.
“Thus, although no difference was found between HHb-BP and LT2 in the vastus lateralis during rowing (Turnes et al., 2019), the 30-second recovery periods between stages may have influenced muscle oxygenation dynamics in gastrocnemius muscle during the incremental protocol in the present study, increasing O2 delivery and partial resynthesis of energy substrates (PCr, ATP, and glycogen), temporarily”
From Comparison of NIRS-derived [HHb] breakpoints and concordance with lactate thresholds during speed- and slope-based incremental running tests (2026) · cites this paper as Turnes et al., 2019
Nearly identical mean values for power output, V̇O2, %V̇O2max, and HR were reported between LT2 and vastus lateralis HHb-BP in rowers.
“Corroborating in parts with the present study, nearly identical mean values for power output (234 ± 31 vs 236 ± 31 W), V̇O 2 (4.3 ± 0.4 vs 4.2 ± 0.5 L·min -1 ), %V̇O 2max (88.4 ± 3.7 vs 87.7 ± 6.0 %V̇O 2max), and HR (182 ± 12 vs 180 ± 16 bpm) were reported between LT2 and vastus lateralis HHb-BP in rowers (Turnes et al. 2019).”
From Comparison of NIRS-derived [HHb] breakpoints and concordance with lactate thresholds during speed- and slope-based incremental running tests (2026) · cites this paper as Turnes et al. 2019
HHb-BP has been predominantly compared with whole-body physiological indices in cycling, with limited research in rowing and even less in running.
“The comparison of HHb-BP with whole-body physiological indices has been predominantly studied in cycling (Osawa et al. 2011; Murias et al. 2013; Racinais et al. 2014; Fontana et al. 2015; Keir et al. 2015; Boone et al. 2015, 2016a), with only limited research in rowing (Turnes et al. 2019; Possamai et al. 2023) and even less focus on running (Belotti et al. 2013).”
From Comparison of NIRS-derived [HHb] breakpoints and concordance with lactate thresholds during speed- and slope-based incremental running tests (2026) · cites this paper as Turnes et al. 2019
HHb-BP has been associated with physiological thresholds, especially indicators of maximal metabolic steady state that delineate heavy and severe exercise domains.
“This plateau-like response has been associated with other physiological thresholds, especially those considered indicators of the maximal metabolic steady state, which delineate heavy and severe exercise domains (Bellotti et al. 2013; Keir et al. 2015, Turnes et al. 2019; Possamai et al. 2023).”
From Comparison of NIRS-derived [HHb] breakpoints and concordance with lactate thresholds during speed- and slope-based incremental running tests (2026) · cites this paper as Turnes et al. 2019
The LoA between external load parameters in the present study were approximately ±16%, narrower than the ~±20% in Turnes et al. (2019), but still wide.
“Even so, although in the present study the LoA between external load parameters were apparently narrower (~ ±16%) than found in Turnes et al. (2019) (~ ±20%), they are considerably wide and should therefore be interpreted with caution when considering these variables as interchangeable.”
From Comparison of NIRS-derived [HHb] breakpoints and concordance with lactate thresholds during speed- and slope-based incremental running tests (2026) · cites this paper as Turnes et al. (2019)
Only one study has compared HHb-BP with lactate threshold in rowing.
“Although many studies compared HHb-BP with other physiological thresholds, only one study compared HHb-BP with lactate threshold in rowing (Turnes et al. 2019).”
From Comparison of NIRS-derived [HHb] breakpoints and concordance with lactate thresholds during speed- and slope-based incremental running tests (2026) · cites this paper as Turnes et al. 2019
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Self-citationEserhaut, D. A., DeLeo, J. M., Provost, J. A., Ackerman, K. E., & Fry, A. C. (2025) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2025.1538465 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ventura, T. P., Borszcz, F. K., Aguiar, R. A. D., de Lucas, R. D., & Turnes, T. (2026) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2025-0240 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Turnes, T., Penteado dos Santos, R., de Aguiar, R. A., Loch, T., Possamai, L. T., & Caputo, F.
- Corresponding author
- Turnes, Tiago
- Venue
- International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance
- Publisher
- Human Kinetics
- Published
- 2019-09-01
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1103-1109
- ISSN
- 1555-0265 (ISSN-L)
- 1555-0273
- OpenAlex
- W2912422056
- Semantic Scholar
- 88cdb920956b942309086bfdf5b6a66204d93865
- Cited by
- 15
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 0.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- repositorio.udesc.br
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- ING, anaerobic threshold, incremental test, vastus lateralis, blood lactate, output power, heart rate, limits of agreement, training load monitoring, gas exchange, VO2max, heart rate reserve
- MeSH terms
- Water Sports, Adolescent, Adult, Heart Rate, Hemoglobins, Humans, Male, Oxygen Consumption, Anaerobic Threshold, Ergometry, Lactic Acid, Quadriceps Muscle, Athletic Performance, Young Adult, Athletes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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