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A Quantitative Analysis and Qualitative Explanation of the Individual Differences in Affective Responses to Prescribed and Self-Selected Exercise Intensities
Abstract
Using a mixed-method approach, the aim of this study was to explore affective responses to exercise at intensities below-lactate threshold (LT), at-LT, and above-LT to test the proposals of the dual-mode model. These intensities were also contrasted with a self-selected intensity. Further, the factors that influenced the generation of those affective responses were explored. Nineteen women completed 20 min of treadmill exercise at each intensity. Affective valence and activation were measured, pre-, during and postexercise. Afterward, participants were asked why they had felt the way they had during each intensity. Results supported hypotheses showing affect to be least positive during the above-LT condition and most positive during the self-selected and below-LT conditions. Individual differences were greatest in the below-LT and at-LT conditions. Qualitative results showed that factors relating to perceptions of ability, interpretation of exercise intensity, exercise outcomes, focus of concentration, and perceptions of control influenced the affective response and contributed to the individual differences shown in the quantitative data.
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“To determine the sample size [14], we assumed a mean difference of 1.74±1.18 on the Feeling Scale (FS) with an α = .05 and a β = .20 because similar results had been previously observed and were associated with significant differences [15].”
From Continuous and high-intensity interval training: Which promotes higher pleasure? (2013) · cites this paper as [15]
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Sport, Wohlbefinden und psychische Gesundheit
Sudeck, G., & Thiel, A. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-56802-6_24 · Cited by 21
Yu, F., Mathiason, M. A., Han, S., Gunter, J. L., Jones, D. T., Botha, H., & Jack, C. R. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.703691 · Cited by 20
Geary, M., Campbell, M. J., Kitching, N., & Houghton, F. T. (2021) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2021.1919742 · Cited by 18
Age Moderates the Effect of Self-Paced Exercise on Exercise Adherence among Overweight Adults
Lee, H., DUNSIGER, S. I., Bohlen, L. C., Boyle, H. K., Emerson, J. A., & Williams, D. M. (2018) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264318812139 · Cited by 19
“Several laboratory studies comparing the psychological response to self-paced versus prescribed intensity PA have shown that self-paced PA results in a more positive affective response (Ekkekakis & Lind, 2006; Parfitt, Rose, & Burgess, 2006; Rose & Parfitt, 2007).”
BackgroundLegrand, F. D., & Thatcher, J. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0022944 · Cited by 17
“These individual differences are now acknowledged and carefully scrutinized in studies dealing with the impact of physical activity on mood (e.g., Ekkekakis, Hall, & Petruzzello, 2005; Rose & Parfitt, 2007).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDifferent Endurance Exercise Modalities, Different Affective Response: A Within-Subject Study
Dierkes, K., Maturana, F. M., Rösel, I., Martus, P., Niess, A. M., Thiel, A., & Sudeck, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.686661 · Cited by 20
“, awareness of interoceptive cues) have been shown to account for variation in the valenced (pleasure–displeasure) response to continuous exercise within the moderate and especially within the heavy domain (Rose and Parfitt, 2007; Ekkekakis et al., 2011).”
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“There is greater inter-individual variability in affective responses when exercise intensity is below and on the lactate threshold [17, 18, 34].”
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“Furthermore, the interaction of an individual’s cognitive and physiological factors 96 could also influence perceptions that either maintain or enhance the positive affective response 97 during exercise at a given intensity (Rose & Parfitt, 2007).”
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BackgroundAffective Change With Variations in Zumba Fitness Intensity as Measured by a Smartwatch
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BackgroundResultOliveira, G. T. A., Costa, E. C., Santos, T. M., Bezerra, R. A., Lemos, T. M. A. M., Mortatti, A. L., & Elsangedy, H. M. (2023) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2022.2141674 · Cited by 17
“…the individual chooses their own exercise intensity (Ekkekakis, 2009; Elsangedy et al., 2018), and had psychological advantages compared to prescribed or imposed exercise intensity, such as more positive affective response (Oliveira et al., 2015) and lower perceived exertion (Rose & Parfitt, 2007).”
BackgroundPerceptual Changes in Response to Two Regimens of Interval Training in Sedentary Women
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“Rose and Parfitt (2007) highlighted individual differences in affective response to exercise over the whole gamut of exercise intensities (i.e. below, at, and above the lactate threshold).”
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LaRowe, L. R., & Williams, D. M. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-022-00318-1 · Cited by 17
“Indeed, there is initial evidence that this approach may reduce pain intensity (Van Oosterwijck et al., 2012), and promote a more positive affective response during PA (e.g., Ekkekakis & Lind, 2006; Parfitt et al., 2006; Rose & Parfitt, 2007).”
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Buckner, S. L., Dankel, S. J., Mattocks, K. T., Jessee, M., Mouser, J. G., & Loenneke, J. P. (2018) · Physiology International · doi:10.1556/2060.105.2018.2.15 · Cited by 14
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Effect of a 12-week aerobic training program on perceptual and affective responses in obese women
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Haile, L., Goss, F. L., Andreacci, J. L., Nagle, E. F., & Robertson, R. J. (2019) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.02.012 · Cited by 14
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“A thorough investigation of self-selected intensities may indicate the benefits of allowing individuals to manage their own exertion, enhancing psychological constructs such as self-efficacy [41] and affect [43] alongside the study’s ecological validity.”
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Beaumont, C. T., Ferrara, P., & Strohacker, K. A. (2020) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113261 · Cited by 13
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Self-citationPsycho-Physiological Effects of Television Viewing During Exercise.
Rider, B. C., Bassett, D. R., Strohacker, K. A., Overstreet, B. S., Fitzhugh, E. C., & Raynor, H. A. (2016) · PubMed Central · Cited by 14
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DaSilva, S. G., Guidetti, L., Buzzachera, C. F., Elsangedy, H. M., Krinski, K., Krause, M. P., de Campos, W., Goss, F. L., & Baldari, C. (2010) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/06.10.13.pms.111.6.963-978 · Cited by 14
“…such as goals, perceived efficacy, and expectations, to choose an exercise intensity results in a greater sense of control over the activity (Rose & Parfitt, 2007) and enhanced perceptions of competence and autonomy (Deci & Ryan, 1985; Ryan & Deci, 2000), which in turn might positively…”
BackgroundResultStress responses during aerobic exercise in relation to motivational dominance and state
Thatcher, J., Kuroda, Y., Legrand, F. D., & Thatcher, R. (2010) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2010.534808 · Cited by 11
“Since recent studies have shown great interindividual variability in psychological responses to exercise (e.g. Parfitt, Rose, & Burgess, 2006; Rose & Parfitt, 2007), identifying such processes is an important additional step in helping to understand why individuals do not react uniformly to the…”
BackgroundInfluentialDaily Instrumental and Affective Attitudes About Exercise: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study
Emerson, J. A., DUNSIGER, S. I., Lee, H., Kahler, C. W., Bock, B. C., & Williams, D. M. (2021) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaab047 · Cited by 11
Misremembering Past Affect Predicts Adolescents’ Future Affective Experience During Exercise
Karnaze, M. M., Levine, L. J., & Schneider, M. L. (2017) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2017.1317322 · Cited by 11
“Adults are more likely to feel good during moderate-tostrenuous exercise if they perceive they have the ability to complete the exercise session, are being challenged but not overwhelmed by the task, and are benefiting from the exercise (Rose & Parfitt, 2007).”
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“In common with other studies relating exercise and affect (Hall, Ekkekakis & Petruzzello, 2002; Parfitt, Rose & Burgess, 2006; Rose & Parfitt, 2007), our measures consisted of a single item.”
Backgroundda Silva, W. F., Viana, R. B., Morais, N. S., Costa, T. G., Vancini, R. L., Costa, G. D. C. T., Andrade, M. S., & de Lira, C. A. B. (2021) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-021-00841-9 · Cited by 12
Applying P-Technique Factor Analysis to Explore Person-Specific Models of Readiness-to-Exercise
Strohacker, K. A., Keegan, R. J., Beaumont, C. T., & Zakrajsek, R. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2021.685813 · Cited by 9
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Physical Therapy Effectiveness
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Physical Activity, Subjective Well-Being and Mental Health
Sudeck, G., Thiel, A., & Strohacker, K. A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-03921-8_26 · Cited by 8
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“…exercise intensity is defined at physiologically or selfselected equivalent levels, there are considerable inter-individual differences in physiological and subjective responses to exercise (Ekkekakis and Lind, 2006; Rose and Parfitt, 2007, 2010, 2012; Ekkekakis et al., 2009; DaSilva et al., 2011).”
Perceptions of group exercise courses and instructors among Quebec adults
Gilbert, M., Chaubet, P., Karelis, A. D., & Dancause, K. N. (2017) · BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2017-000278 · Cited by 8
“Qualitative methods Six participants (four women, two men) from the Longueuil sample and five (four women, one man) from Boucherville participated in 30 min semidirected group interviews, as in similar studies.(25)Our sample was intentional and voluntary; participants were solicited directly in class.”
MethodGarcia, L., Asano, R. Y., Silveira, R., Hackney, A. C., Takito, M. Y., Kilpatrick, M. W., & Prado, R. C. R. (2022) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2022.2036316 · Cited by 10
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“Interest in individual response variability is growing [1–4].”
Comparison of Two Proposed Guidelines for Aerobic Training Sessions
Oliveira, B. R. R., Deslandes, A. C., Thompson, W. R., Terra, B., & Santos, T. M. (2012) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/06.15.25.pms.115.5.645-660 · Cited by 7
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BackgroundSelf-citationAffective responses to qigong: A pilot study of regular practitioners
Johansson, M., & Hassmén, P. (2012) · Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies · doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2012.07.011 · Cited by 6
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“Hence, greater attention is given to exercise-related symptoms, but qualitative data by Rose and Parfitt (2007) show that affective responses are still influenced by top-down processes.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAlves, R. C., Enes, A. A. N., Follador, L., Prestes, J., & da Silva, S. G. (2022) · International journal of exercise science · doi:10.70252/hjjd8645 · Cited by 6
The Affective Response to Exercise
Haile, L., Gallagher, M. S., & Robertson, R. J. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1917-8_4 · Cited by 6
Development of the Physical Activity Tracking Preference Questionnaire
Fu, E. S., White, M. A., Hughto, J. M. W., Steiner, B., & Willis, E. A. (2019) · International journal of exercise science · doi:10.70252/wejr4154 · Cited by 6
“To date, research has been limited to investigating individual preferences for intensity tolerance and modes of physical activity (4, 6, 7, 16, 27).”
BackgroundWellings, I. G., Ferguson, R. A., & Taylor, I. M. (2024) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102753 · Cited by 6
Smith-Ricketts, J., Beaumont, C. T., Fleming, J. K., Hornbuckle, L. M., & Strohacker, K. A. (2022) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2022-0064 · Cited by 5
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Chen, Y., Chen, C.-C., Tang, L., & Chieng, W.-H. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3355792 · Cited by 6
“The FS appraises affective valence using a pleasure-displeasure continuum [39], where + 5 represents very good, and -5 denotes very bad [40].”
BackgroundMethodRodrigues, F. F., Morouço, P., Antunes, R., Monteiro, D., Jacinto, M., Figueiredo, N., dos Santos, F. N., Bastos, V., & Teixeira, D. (2023) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe13070086 · Cited by 6
“Several studies have found that increasing exercise intensity has a considerable impact on affective states, with higher intensities being associated with decreased pleasure or increased displeasure [10,12,14,15].”
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“This adaptation requires cognitive appraisal processes and results in reduced response variability across participants in terms of affective valence during the exercises [13,18].”
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“…while others suggested that behavioral factors such as feelings of accomplishment, mastery, and self-efficacy, associated with participation in an exercise program (Annesi & Whitaker, 2008), are the most important correlates of improvements in mood (Morgan, 1997; Rose & Parfitt, 2007).”
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Chen, C., Finne, E., Kopp, A., & Jekauc, D. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.628993 · Cited by 9
“Finally, 37 studies met our inclusion criteria (see Appendix 8), of which ten studies contained two or three subgroups (Focht et al., 2007; Rose and Parfitt, 2007; Schneider and Cooper, 2011; Fitzsimons et al., 2012; Kraft et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2015; Niedermeier et al., 2017; Noradechanunt et…”
BackgroundBohlen, L. C., LaRowe, L. R., DUNSIGER, S. I., Dionne, L. A., Griffin, E., Kim, A. E., Marcus, B. H., Unick, J. L., Wu, W., & Williams, D. M. (2023) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2023.107169 · Cited by 4
Mid-Distance Running Exercise Assistance System via IoT and Exercise-oriented Music
Chen, Y., Chen, C.-C., Tang, L., & Chieng, W.-H. (2023) · IEEE World AI IoT Congress (AIIoT) · doi:10.1109/aiiot58121.2023.10174324 · Cited by 3
“…the app developed in this study, which includes an exercise-oriented music algorithm that changes the tempo of the music based on HR. 5) Feeling Scale: The FS [52] gauges affective valence on a continuum from highly positive to highly negative (+5 denotes ’very good’; -5 denotes ’very bad’) [53].”
Backgroundde Freitas, J. V. R., de Lima, B. E., Silva, R. R., de Oliveira, V. N., Costa, T. G., Rodrigues, M. A. M., Vancini, R. L., Andrade, M. S., Costa, G. D. C. T., Laporta, L., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph22010038 · Cited by 6
“These results indicate that engaging in beach tennis can positively influence affective responses, promoting self-efficacy and improving attention [49].”
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“Previous research has suggested that exercising at self-selected intensities leads to a more positive affective response than prescribed exercise intensities, such as that undertaken by the PO-guided exercise group in the present study, who did not have the autonomy to choose their own training loads (Rose and Parfitt…”
Backgroundde Oliveira, V. N., Viana, R. B., de Freitas, J. V. R., Rodrigues, M. A. M., Andrade, M. S., Vancini, R. L., Weiss, K., Knechtle, B., & de Lira, C. A. B. (2024) · BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s13102-024-00859-9 · Cited by 6
“The participants’ characteristics, self-efficacy, and tolerance to the type of exercise may explain the results found regarding the affectivity level [33, 61].”
ResultThe affect-intensity relationship in aerobic exercise: an analysis based on a systematic review
da Silva, M. G., Lattari, E., Monteiro, W., de Oliveira, A. J., Cordeiro, R., Farinatti, P., & Oliveira, B. R. R. (2024) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2024.2356825 · Cited by 3
“…in aerobic exercise using a systematic review of the literature using the FS. Similarly to previous studies (Ekkekakis, 2003; Parfitt et al., 2006; Rose & Parfitt, 2007; Welch et al., 2007), our results indicated an inverse relationship between the affective valence and exercise intensity when…”
InfluentialPerceived environmental restorativeness and affective responses to indoor vs. outdoor exercise
Williams, A. (2011) · NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) · Cited by 3
O’Donoghue, G., Kennedy, A., Andersen, G. S., Durkan, E., Thybo, T., Sinnott, M., Nolan, J. J., & O’Gorman, D. J. (2015) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-015-1042-1 · Cited by 3
QUERER FAZER EXERCÍCIO E FAZER EXERCÍCIO: PAPEL DOS FATORES PESSOAIS E PSICOLÓGICOS
Carneiro, L., & Gomes, A. R. (2016) · Acceda (Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria) · Cited by 4
Jeckel, S., & Sudeck, G. (2018) · German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research · doi:10.15496/publikation-22867 · Cited by 3
Perceptual Responses to High-Intensity Interval Training in Overweight and Sedentary Individuals
Martinez, N. (2013) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 3
Dai, Y., Zhao, Y., & He, P. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1759866 · Cited by 3
“Very few studies, however, have used person-centered methods to explore how motivation and emotion combine to form distinct psychological profiles among students (Rose and Parfitt, 2007).”
Kim, Y., Kim, J., & Woo, M. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app112311540 · Cited by 2
Szekeres, Z., Agustín-Sierra, N., Zaidell, L. N., Mileva, K. N., & de Oliveira, R. F. (2024) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2024.1395471 · Cited by 2
Self-Selected Versus Imposed Exercise Intensities
Haile, L., Gallagher, M. S., & Robertson, R. J. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1917-8_12 · Cited by 3
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Molinari, V., Schmid, J., Sudeck, G., & Conzelmann, A. (2015) · German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research · doi:10.1007/s12662-015-0356-1 · Cited by 2
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“However, above VT, individual variations are smaller, and, generally, a decline in pleasure is experienced [22].”
BackgroundKubis, H., Albelwi, T. A., & Rogers, R. D. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0257953 · Cited by 2
Chen, Z.-C., Chen, J.-F., & Chang, H.-C. (2012) · Asia Pacific Journal of Sport and Social Science · doi:10.1080/21640599.2012.752558 · Cited by 2
“…have proved that exercise has positive benefits, research on the role of exercise-associated effects is continually being refined, with more emphasis placed on the interoceptive and cognitive abilities existing in the individual – which may influence exercise participation (Rose & Parfitt, 2007).”
BackgroundGreeley, S. J. (2012) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 2
White, R. L. (2016) · Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) · doi:10.4226/66/5a9cd78cb0bdc · Cited by 2
“Nevertheless, physical activity during leisure-time is often a chosen activity (Kull et al., 2012), and laboratory studies show that physical activity that includes choice is associated with higher positive affect compared to physical activity not involving choice (Rose & Parfitt, 2007a).”
BackgroundComparing the effects of a brief walk in nature versus indoors on affect and cognitive function
Knudson, K., & Brush, C. J. (2025) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115209 · Cited by 1
Poinsard, L., Palacin, F., Hashemi, I., & Billat, V. L. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app142210551 · Cited by 2
Balcetis, E., Daley, J. S., Guenther, C. L., Riccio, M. T., Kemp, J., Lapitan, E., Pesantes, J., Voigt, A., Gu, Y., & Cole, S. (2025) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672251343392 · Cited by 1
“Second, affective responses to self-paced exercise are more positive than responses to prescribed levels of intense exercise, even when the intensity of the activity is the same level (Parfitt et al., 2006; Rose & Parfitt, 2007).”
An Experimental Protocol to Model Recovery of Anaerobic Work Capacity
Sreedhara, V. S. M., Mocko, G. M., & Hutchison, R. E. (2018) · Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association (ISEA) · doi:10.3390/proceedings2060208 · Cited by 1
“Exercise intensity has been classified as severe, high, and moderate based on blood lactate levels [1], maximum oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) [2,3], and power output [3].”
BackgroundRahman, R. J., Hudson, J., & Flint, S. W. (2018) · Journal of Motivation Emotion and Personality Reversal Theory Studies · doi:10.12689/jmep.2018.702 · Cited by 1
“Although numerous public health campaigns exist aimed at encouraging phsyical ativity in the general population, these focus on a one size fits all approach which is counterintuitive given the importance of individual differences in exercise and other health behaviors (e.g., Rose & Parfitt, 2007).”
Hutchinson, M. J., MacDonald, M. J., Eston, R. G., & Goosey-Tolfrey, V. L. (2018) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2018.1522941 · Cited by 1
“…compared to imposed exercise of the same intensity, as in the RAMP (Evans, Parfitt, & Eston, 2014; Hamlyn-Williams, Freeman, & Parfitt, 2014; Rose & Parfitt, 2007) Hence, the PRETmax may be a preferred option to use instead of RAMP, particularly for older participants, or those who are…”
MethodBilling, L. (2017) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota) · Cited by 1
Blampain, J. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/b05b1116z587cz4311zb2cez5ff78816d825 · Cited by 1
MacKenzie, M. J. (2012) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.11575/prism/26121
The Effect of Choice in Exercise Intensity on Affect and Cognition
Delaunay, A. (2011) · TopSCHOLAR (Western Kentucky University)
Britton, F. (2011) · Dublin City University Open Access Institutional Repository (Dublin City University)
Independent Effect of Self-selected versus Imposed Exercise Intensity on Affect
Haile, L., Andreacci, J. L., Nagle, E. F., Goss, F. L., & Robertson, R. J. (2011) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000402724.64794.2f · Cited by 1
“…that many individuals experience similar levels of emotions and mood related to a self-selected exercise intensity as compared to an imposed intensity that is actually lower than the self-selected intensity (Ekkekakis & Lind, 2006; Lind et al., 2008; Parfitt et al., 2006; Rose & Parfitt, 2007).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialColombo, H. (2009) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
Fleming, J. D. (2014) · Otago University Research Archive (University of Otago)
The exercise and mood relation
Markowitz, S. M. (2009) · Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) · doi:10.7282/t3m61k6v
“Two studies have examined LT in the context of the dualmode model, and they also found evidence in support of the model (Rose & Parfitt, 2007; Parfitt, Rose, & Burgess, 2006).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBrooks, K. M. (2014) · Brock University Digital Repository (Brock University)
Cognitive Strategies Used During Moderate Intensity Running
Jones, M. S. (2015) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
Metadata
- Authors
- Rose, E. A., & Parfitt, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Otago (NZ)
- University of Exeter (GB)
- ORCID
- Parfitt, Gaynor
- Venue
- Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology
- Publisher
- Human Kinetics
- Published
- 2007-06
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 281-309
- ISSN
- 0895-2779 (ISSN-L)
- 1543-2904
- OpenAlex
- W1801946579
- Cited by
- 224
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 10.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Keywords
- affective responses to exercise, exercise intensity, lactate threshold, self-selected exercise intensity, individual differences, dual-mode model, emotional valence, affective activation, perceived competence, perceived control, exercise effects, women
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Aptitude, Arousal, Physical Exertion, Female, Humans, Individuality, Internal-External Control, Middle Aged, Motivation, Self Concept, Anaerobic Threshold, Exercise, Lactic Acid
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