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Cited by 161Cardiovascular and exercise physiologySports Performance and TrainingPhysical Activity and Health

Continuous and high-intensity interval training: Which promotes higher pleasure?

Open access
Oliveira, Bruno R. R., Slama, Fabian A., Deslandes, Andréa C., Furtado, Elen S., Santos, Tony M.·2013·PLoS ONE
DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0079965PMC PMC3841165
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Abstract

OBJECTIVES: To compare the psychological responses to continuous (CT) and high-intensity interval training (HIT) sessions. METHODS: Fifteen men attended one CT session and one HIT session. During the first visit, the maximum heart rate, VO2Peak and respiratory compensation point (RCP) were determined through a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test. The HIT stimulus intensity corresponded to 100% of VO2Peak, and the average intensity of both sessions was maintained at 15% below the RCP. The order of the sessions was randomized. Psychological and physiological variables were recorded before, during and after each session. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the average percentages of VO2 during the two exercise sessions (HIT: 73.3% vs. CT: 71.8%; p = 0.779). Lower responses on the feeling scale (p≤0.01) and higher responses on the felt arousal scale (p≤0.001) and the rating of perceived exertion were obtained during the HIT session. Despite the more negative feeling scale responses observed during HIT and a greater feeling of fatigue (measured by Profile of Mood States) afterwards (p<0.01), the physical activity enjoyment scale was not significantly different between the two conditions (p = 0.779). CONCLUSION: Despite the same average intensity for both conditions, similar psychological responses under HIT and CT conditions were not observed, suggesting that the higher dependence on anaerobic metabolism during HIT negatively influenced the feeling scale responses.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

In 15 men, HIT at 100% VO2Peak and CT matched for average intensity produced different acute psychological responses: HIT felt less pleasant and more arousing/exerting during exercise, even though post-exercise enjoyment did not differ. The authors suggest greater anaerobic dependence during HIT negatively influenced feeling-scale responses.

Key findings

  • Average %VO2 did not differ significantly between HIT and CT (HIT 73.3%, SD 3.5% vs CT 71.9%, SD 7.5%; p=.31), but HIT had higher average %HR (88.1% vs 80.4%; p<.001) and VCO2 (3.13 vs 2.71 L·min−1; p<.001).
  • During HIT, Feeling Scale responses were lower (e.g., Q4: −2.17 vs 1.27; Q5: −2.67 vs 0.80; both p<.001), while Felt Arousal Scale and RPE were higher (e.g., Q5 FAS: 5.67 vs 4.20, p<.01; Q5 RPE: 9.67 vs 4.83, p<.001).
  • Post-exercise POMS fatigue increased more after HIT (8.7 vs 4.2; p<.01), but Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale scores did not differ significantly (HIT 97.8 vs CT 96.2; p=.779).
  • HIT sessions were shorter on average (19.2 vs 23.9 min; p=.01), and 8 participants could not complete the HIT session due to fatigue.

Methods

  • Fifteen men from a university community in Rio de Janeiro (mean age 24 years, SD 4; mean VO2Peak 47.9 mL·kg−1·min−1, SD 7.4) attended one CT and one HIT session in a randomized, counterbalanced crossover design.
  • A maximal treadmill test determined VO2Peak, maximum HR, and respiratory compensation point; HIT used 100% VO2Peak stimuli with recovery adjusted to match the CT average intensity, set 15% below RCP.
  • Psychological measures included FS, FAS, CR10 RPE, POMS, and PAES; physiological variables included HR and gas exchange. Sessions were divided into quintiles; analyses used paired t-tests, repeated-measures ANOVA, effect sizes, and circumplex-model representation.

Limitations

  • Stated by the authors: no lactate monitoring; HIT affective responses were recorded after stimuli but not after recovery periods; repeated scale administration could induce reactivity; laboratory testing reduces external validity, though measuring affect during HIT may increase it.
  • Evident from the text: the sample was small (15 men), young, low-risk, and university-based, limiting generalizability; HIT duration was significantly shorter and 8 participants dropped out before completion, which may confound comparisons between conditions.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1371/journal.pone.0079965

Cites

39 of 39 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 38 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Physical activity enjoyment scale scores were not significantly different between HIT and CT.

    “the physical activity enjoyment scale was not significantly different between the two conditions (p = 0.779).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    A greater feeling of fatigue (measured by POMS) was observed after HIT than after CT.

    “a greater feeling of fatigue (measured by Profile of Mood States) afterwards (p<0.01)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The average percentage of VO2 did not differ significantly between the HIT and CT sessions.

    “There were no significant differences between the average percentages of VO2 during the two exercise sessions (HIT: 73.3% vs. CT: 71.8%; p = 0.779).”
    • Also stated in: § Descriptive results of training sessions · plain
      “The average percentage of VO2 was 71.9% (SD = 7.5%) in the CT condition and 73.3% (SD = 3.5%) in the HIT condition, and no significant difference was found (t = 1.04, p = .31, η2 = .07).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Felt Arousal Scale responses were higher during HIT than during CT.

    “We observed significantly higher values for the RPE and FAS during HIT, whereas the FS values were lower during HIT.”
    • Also stated in: § Results · plain
      “Lower responses on the feeling scale (p≤0.01) and higher responses on the felt arousal scale (p≤0.001) and the rating of perceived exertion were obtained during the HIT session.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Rating of Perceived Exertion responses were higher during HIT than during CT.

    “We observed significantly higher values for the RPE and FAS during HIT, whereas the FS values were lower during HIT.”
    • Also stated in: § Results · plain
      “Lower responses on the feeling scale (p≤0.01) and higher responses on the felt arousal scale (p≤0.001) and the rating of perceived exertion were obtained during the HIT session.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 22
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 30

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The average duration of HIT was 19.2 minutes (SD = 4.8), which was significantly lower than that of the CT condition.

    “thus, the average duration was 19.2 minutes (SD = 4.8), which was significantly lower than that of the CT condition (t = 3.71, p = .01, η2 = .49).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The average percentage of maximum HR was 80.4% (SD = 4.4%) in CT and 88.1% (SD = 2.4%) in HIT, a significant difference.

    “The average percentage of the maximum HR was 80.4% (SD = 4.4%) in the CT condition and 88.1% (SD = 2.4%) in the HIT condition, resulting in a significant difference between the two conditions (t = 7.96, p<.001, η2 = .82).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Significant main effects were observed for RPE, FAS, and FS (interaction, time, and condition).

    “Significant main effects were observed for the RPE (interaction, F = 4.48, p<.01; time, F = 63.84, p<.001; and condition, F = 29.46, p<.001), FAS (interaction, F = 2.29, p<.01; time, F = 38.15, p<.001; and condition, F = 18.65, p<.001), and FS (interaction, F = 4.93, p<.001; time, F = 22.89, p<.001; and condition, F = 7.92, p<.01).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The average duration of a CT session was 23.9 minutes (SD = 3.2).

    “The average duration of a CT session was 23.9 minutes (SD = 3.2).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The average VCO2 was 2.71 L.min−1 (SD = .36) in CT and 3.13 L.min−1 (SD = .53) in HIT, a significant difference.

    “The average VCO2 was 2.71 L.min−1 (SD = .36) in the CT condition and 3.13 L.min−1 (SD = .53) in the HIT condition, and the difference between the two conditions was significant (t = 5.70, p<.001, η2 = .69).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In HIT, the average number of stimuli performed was 6.6 (SD = 1.7), with a recovery time of 57 seconds (SD = 10) between stimuli.

    “In the HIT condition, the average number of stimuli performed was 6.6 (SD = 1.7), with a recovery time of 57 seconds (SD = 10) between stimuli.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The significant interaction indicated that RPE and FAS scores increased more over time, whereas FS scores decreased more over time during HIT.

    “The significant interaction observed indicated that the RPE and FAS scores increased more over time, whereas the FS scores decreased more over time during HIT.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the HIT condition before exercise, participants ranged from a sense of calmness to a sense of energy in quintile 1 and a sense of tension in quintiles 3, 4 and 5.

    “In the HIT condition before the exercise session, the participants ranged from a sense of calmness (quadrant 1 - 0° to 90°) to a sense of energy (quadrant 4 - 270° to 0°) in quintile 1 and a sense of tension (quadrant 3 - 180° to 270°) in quintiles 3, 4 and 5.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    An increase in perceived pleasure (reported as a shift of one unit on the Feeling Scale) is associated with an additional 38 minutes of physical activity per week.

    “It has previously been demonstrated that an increase in perceived pleasure (reported as a shift of one unit on the Feeling Scale) is associated with an additional 38 minutes of physical activity per week [6].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [6] DM Williams, 2008, Acute Affective Response to a Moderate-intensity Exercise Stimulus Predicts Physical Activity Participation 6 and 12 Months Later, Psychol Sport Exerc source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Bartlett et al. reported higher enjoyment after HIT.

    “Bartlett et al. [7] reported higher enjoyment after HIT.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [7] JD Bartlett, 2011, High-intensity interval running is perceived to be more enjoyable than moderate-intensity continuous exercise: Implications for exercise adherence, J Sports Sci source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Previous studies have reported an inverse relationship between exercise intensity and psychological responses in continuous training.

    “Previous studies have reported an inverse relationship between exercise intensity and psychological responses in CT [5].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [5] P Ekkekakis, 2011, The Pleasure and Displeasure People Feel When they Exercise at Different Intensities: Decennial Update and Progress towards a Tripartite Rationale for Exercise Intensity Prescription, Sports Med source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Muller et al. found positive responses in mood after a CT session, whereas no changes were found in mood responses after a HIT session.

    “Muller et al. [8] found positive responses in mood after a CT session, whereas no changes were found in mood responses after a HIT session.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [8] MD Muller, 2011, Mood and selective attention in the cold: the effect of interval versus continuous exercise, Eur J Appl Physiol source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The predominance of cognitive factors is related to pleasurable sensations, whereas the predominance of interoceptive cues is related to unpleasant sensations.

    “The predominance of cognitive factors is related to pleasurable sensations, whereas the predominance of interoceptive cues is related to unpleasant sensations [11].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] P Ekkekakis, 2009, The dual-mode theory of affective responses to exercise in metatheoretical context: II. Bodiless heads, ethereal cognitive schemata, and other improbable dualistic creatures, exercising, Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The Dual-Mode Theory postulates that exercise intensity (especially the lactate and ventilatory threshold) is the mediator of affective responses.

    “This theory postulates that the exercise intensity (especially the lactate and ventilatory threshold) is the mediator of affective responses.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [10] P Ekkekakis, 2003, Pleasure and displeasure from the body: perspectives from exercise, Cogn Emot source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    It has been hypothesized that cognitive factors predominate at intensities below the metabolic threshold and that interoceptive cues predominate at intensities above the metabolic threshold.

    “It has been hypothesized that cognitive factors predominate at intensities below the metabolic threshold and that interoceptive cues predominate at intensities above the metabolic threshold [11].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] P Ekkekakis, 2009, The dual-mode theory of affective responses to exercise in metatheoretical context: II. Bodiless heads, ethereal cognitive schemata, and other improbable dualistic creatures, exercising, Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    100% of VO2Peak seems to be the optimal intensity for the acquisition of physiological benefits.

    “which seems to be the optimal intensity for the acquisition of physiological benefits [3].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [3] VL Billat, 2000, Intermittent runs at the velocity associated with maximal oxygen uptake enables subjects to remain at maximal oxygen uptake for a longer time than intense but submaximal runs, Eur J Appl Physiol source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    The effects of HIT on psychological variables are not well understood, especially with respect to basic affect.

    “However, the effects of HIT on psychological variables are not well understood, especially with respect to basic affect.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    According to the Dual-Mode Theory, an exercise session can have effects on cognitive factors and interoceptive factors, and the interaction of these factors is influenced by the exercise intensity.

    “According to the Dual-Mode Theory, an exercise session can have effects on cognitive factors (e.g., psychological factors such as physical self-efficacy) and interoceptive factors (e.g., physiological factors such as ventilation), and the interaction of these factors is influenced by the exercise intensity [10].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [10] P Ekkekakis, 2003, Pleasure and displeasure from the body: perspectives from exercise, Cogn Emot source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The average intensity of both sessions was maintained at 15% below the RCP.

    “the average intensity of both sessions was maintained at 15% below the RCP.”
    • Also stated in: § Procedures · plain
      “We used an average intensity of 85% of the RCP for both conditions”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The gas analyzer was calibrated before each test based on the manufacturer's instructions.

    “The equipment was calibrated before each test based on the manufacturer's instructions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Positive psychological responses may improve the likelihood of adherence.

    “Considering that positive psychological responses may improve the likelihood of adherence, it is necessary to investigate which training method (CT or HIT) might result in better psychological responses.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [5] P Ekkekakis, 2011, The Pleasure and Displeasure People Feel When they Exercise at Different Intensities: Decennial Update and Progress towards a Tripartite Rationale for Exercise Intensity Prescription, Sports Med source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The order of the sessions was randomized.

    “The order of the sessions was randomized.”
    • Also stated in: § Procedures · plain
      “The training sessions were applied in a random order during the second and third visits.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The design was a cross over with counterbalanced order.

    “During two subsequent visits, HIT and CT sessions on a treadmill were administered in a cross over design with a counterbalanced order.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The CR10 scale was adopted because psychophysical ratio scales provide more accurate growth functions than 6-20 RPE scales.

    “The CR scale was adopted because it has been previously demonstrated that psychophysical ratio scales provide more accurate growth functions (positively accelerating with power output), which allows a better understanding of physiological and perceptual processes, when compared to the 6–20 RPE scales [19].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [19] E Borg, 2006, A comparison between three rating scales for perceived exertion and two different work tests, Scand J Med Sci Sports source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Sample size was determined based on an assumed mean difference of 1.74±1.18 on the Feeling Scale with α=.05 and β=.20.

    “To determine the sample size [14], we assumed a mean difference of 1.74±1.18 on the Feeling Scale (FS) with an α = .05 and a β = .20 because similar results had been previously observed and were associated with significant differences [15].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [14] WG Hopkins, 2006, Estimating sample size for magnitude-based inferences, Sportsci

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [15] EA Rose, 2007, A quantitative analysis and qualitative explanation of the individual differences in affective responses to prescribed and self-selected exercise intensities, J Sport Exerc Psychol source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The Dual-Mode Theory is widely recognized for CT but has not previously been demonstrated for HIT.

    “This theory is widely recognized for CT but has not previously been demonstrated for HIT.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] P Ekkekakis, 2009, The dual-mode theory of affective responses to exercise in metatheoretical context: II. Bodiless heads, ethereal cognitive schemata, and other improbable dualistic creatures, exercising, Int Rev Sport Exerc Psychol source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The increased production of neuromodulatory substances such as anandamide, dopamine, serotonin and endorphins may be associated with decreased anxiety and increased pleasure after intervals of intense stimulation.

    “The increased production of neuromodulatory substances such as anandamide, dopamine, serotonin and endorphins may be associated with decreased anxiety and increased pleasure after intervals of intense stimulation [32].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [32] A Deslandes, 2009, Exercise and mental health: many reasons to move, Neuropsychobiology source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The Dual-Mode Theory may also explain the positive rebound effect observed after exercise, with relatively larger increases in pleasure after HIT, possibly modulated by the magnitude of the negative perceptions during exercise.

    “The Dual-Mode Theory may also explain the positive rebound effect observed after exercise, with relatively larger increases in pleasure after HIT, which are possibly modulated by the magnitude of the negative perceptions during exercise [30].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [30] P Ekkekakis, 2008, The relationship between exercise intensity and affective responses demystified: to crack the 40-year-old nut, replace the 40-year-old nutcracker!, Ann Behav Med source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The opponent process theory postulates that after every affective perception (pleasant or unpleasant), an opponent process occurs.

    “The opponent process theory [31], postulates that after every affective perception (pleasant or unpleasant), an opponent process occurs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [31] RL Solomon, 1980, The opponent-process theory of acquired motivation: the costs of pleasure and the benefits of pain, Am Psychol source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Activities that rely heavily on anaerobic metabolism result in negative pleasure and high arousal.

    “activities that rely heavily on anaerobic metabolism result in negative pleasure and high arousal.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [28] M Kilpatrick, 2007, Affective responses to exercise are dependent on intensity rather than total work, Med Sci Sports Exerc source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The learning theory postulates that immediate affective responses should be better predictors of future exercise than the affective responses observed after the exercise session.

    “The learning theory postulates that immediate affective responses should be better predictors of future exercise than the affective responses observed after the exercise session [33].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [33] DM Williams, 2008, Exercise, affect, and adherence: an integrated model and a case for self-paced exercise, Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Our study confirmed the Dual-Mode Theory for HIT, demonstrating that an extreme increase in physiological responses during a stimulus resulted in an extreme decrease in pleasure during the activity independent of the recovery periods.

    “Our study also confirmed this theory for HIT, demonstrating that an extreme increase in physiological responses during a stimulus resulted in an extreme decrease in pleasure during the activity independent of the recovery periods.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A feeling of pleasure can occur after an aversive stimulus or stress, which can activate the reward system and can then lead to a repetition of that stimulus.

    “Thus, according to this theory, a feeling of pleasure can occur after an aversive stimulus or stress, which can activate the reward system and can then lead to a repetition of that stimulus.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [31] RL Solomon, 1980, The opponent-process theory of acquired motivation: the costs of pleasure and the benefits of pain, Am Psychol source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The affective response seems to have been influenced by the magnitude of the stimulus intensity and, consequently, by the predominant metabolic pathway engaged by the exercise.

    “the affective response seems to have been influenced by the magnitude of the stimulus intensity and, consequently, by the predominant metabolic pathway engaged by the exercise.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Blanchard et al. [34] found no changes in affective responses based on the training condition.

    “Blanchard et al. [34] found no changes in affective responses based on the training condition.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [34] CM Blanchard, 2004, Does equating total volume of work between two different exercise conditions matter when examining exercise-induced feeling states?, Res Q Exerc Sport source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisereasoning

    It is not well known whether individuals choose to continue to engage in physical activities based on perceptions experienced during or after exercise.

    “it is not well known whether individuals choose to continue to engage in physical activities based on perceptions experienced during or after exercise.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [33] DM Williams, 2008, Exercise, affect, and adherence: an integrated model and a case for self-paced exercise, Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    For the HIT condition, the affective responses were not recorded after the recovery period; they were only recorded after the stimulus.

    “For the HIT condition, the affective responses were not recorded after the recovery period; they were only recorded after the stimulus.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The measurement of affect during HIT increases the external validity of the study.

    “the measurement of affect during HIT increases the external validity of the study.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    CT performed at an intensity below the RCP results in positive affective responses compared with HIT at 100% of VO2Peak with a short recovery time, which has a higher dependence on anaerobic metabolism even when performed at the same average intensity as that of the CT session.

    “In summary, CT performed at an intensity below the RCP results in positive affective responses compared with HIT at 100% of VO2Peak with a short recovery time, which has a higher dependence on anaerobic metabolism even when performed at the same average intensity as that of the CT session.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Although the tests occurred in a laboratory, which reduces external validity, this study recorded the affective responses during a HIT session.

    “Although these tests occurred in a laboratory (which reduces the external validity), this study recorded the affective responses during a HIT session.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Consecutive application of the scales over short interval periods could have induced reactivity in the participants, which may have altered their performance due to the awareness of being observed.

    “However, consecutive application of the scales over short interval periods could have induced reactivity in the participants, which may have altered their performance due to the awareness of being observed [38].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [38] Heppner PP, Kivlighan DM, Wampold BE (2008) Research design in counseling. Belmont, CA: Thomson Learning.

      Not checked in the free run.

41 of 41

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The higher VCO2 observed during HIT reflects a greater dependence on anaerobic metabolism.

    “suggesting that the higher dependence on anaerobic metabolism during HIT negatively influenced the feeling scale responses.”
    “The average VCO2 was 2.71 L.min−1 (SD = .36) in the CT condition and 3.13 L.min−1 (SD = .53) in the HIT condition, and the difference between the two conditions was significant (t = 5.70, p<.001, η2 = .69).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The FS and FAS are related to basic affect, whereas the PAES is related to an emotional state.

    “It is important to consider that the FS and FAS are related to basic affect, whereas the PAES is related to an emotional state”
2 of 2

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • HIIT has a lower metabolic perturbation than SIT.

    “However, the current study and related investigations ([12–14] incorporated HIIT which has a lower metabolic perturbation than SIT.”

    From High-Intensity Interval Training Elicits Higher Enjoyment than Moderate Intensity Continuous Exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [13]

    The Methods describe a high-intensity interval training (HIT) session, so the paper supports identifying it as a related interval-training investigation. It compares HIT with continuous training, not sprint interval training (SIT), and does not establish that HIIT causes less metabolic perturbation than SIT (Methods; Discussion; page numbers unavailable). (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Abstract and Results give different VO2 comparisons

    Minor

    The abstract reports CT at 71.8% and p = 0.779, whereas the Results report CT at 71.9% and p = .31 for the same HIT-CT VO2 comparison. The difference in p-values is not a rounding difference.

  • Post-exercise fatigue effect size has the opposite direction

    Minor

    The table gives a negative effect size for post-exercise fatigue, although its mean is higher under HIT than CT. With CT as the stated reference condition, that sign also conflicts with the reported greater increase in fatigue under HIT.

2 of 2

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 40 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. ACSM (2010) ACSM&apos;s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins.
  2. WG Hopkins, 2006, Estimating sample size for magnitude-based inferences, Sportsci, 10, 63
  3. Siri WE (1961) Body composition from fluid spaces and density. In: A BJeH, editor. Techniques of Measuring Body Composition. Washington D.C: National Academy of Science. pp. 233–244.

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Authors
Oliveira, B. R. R., Slama, F. A., Deslandes, A. C., Furtado, E. S., & Santos, T. M.
Affiliations
  • University Gama Filho (BR)
  • Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (BR)
Corresponding author
Santos, Tony M.
ORCID
Venue
PLoS ONE
Publisher
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published
2013-11-26
Volume
8
Issue
11
Pages
e79965
ISSN
1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1371/journal.pone.0079965
PMC
PMC3841165
OpenAlex
W2126330855
Cited by
161
References
40
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 4
FWCI
18.91
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
  • Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
Keywords
high-intensity interval training, continuous training, exercise enjoyment, perceived exertion, fatigue, anaerobic metabolism, exercise intensity, respiratory compensation point, mood states
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Humans, Male, Models, Theoretical, Psychological Tests, Exercise, Young Adult, Pleasure

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

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