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A Quantitative Analysis and Qualitative Explanation of the Individual Differences in Affective Responses to Prescribed and Self-Selected Exercise Intensities
Abstract
Using a mixed-method approach, the aim of this study was to explore affective responses to exercise at intensities below-lactate threshold (LT), at-LT, and above-LT to test the proposals of the dual-mode model. These intensities were also contrasted with a self-selected intensity. Further, the factors that influenced the generation of those affective responses were explored. Nineteen women completed 20 min of treadmill exercise at each intensity. Affective valence and activation were measured, pre-, during and postexercise. Afterward, participants were asked why they had felt the way they had during each intensity. Results supported hypotheses showing affect to be least positive during the above-LT condition and most positive during the self-selected and below-LT conditions. Individual differences were greatest in the below-LT and at-LT conditions. Qualitative results showed that factors relating to perceptions of ability, interpretation of exercise intensity, exercise outcomes, focus of concentration, and perceptions of control influenced the affective response and contributed to the individual differences shown in the quantitative data.
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“To determine the sample size [14], we assumed a mean difference of 1.74±1.18 on the Feeling Scale (FS) with an α = .05 and a β = .20 because similar results had been previously observed and were associated with significant differences [15].”
From Continuous and high-intensity interval training: Which promotes higher pleasure? (2013) · cites this paper as [15]
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Items 201–223 of 223
Crutchlow, L. (2017) · Scholarship@Western (Western University)
The Effect of Aerobic Exercise Duration on Affective Responses
(2017) · ARC Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.20431/2456-057x.0202004
“Thus, this study contributes to the understanding of the affective response pattern during an aerobic exercise session, and in conjunction with other studies that have addressed the effect of exercise intensity [9,33-35], the study could facilitate future recommendations that address the emotional context of the pract…”
ResultQuantifying the Inter-Individual Variation in Response to Exercise Interventions
Williamson, P. (2018)
Affective responses to outdoor walking and running: do these influence future physical activity?
Kennedy, K. (2020) · Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey) · doi:10.15126/thesis.00853631
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Albelwi, T. A. (2020)
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Morres, I. D., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., & Theodorakis, Y. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817933-8.00028-1
Grand manuel de psychologie positive
Tessier, D. P., Trouilloud, D. O., & Chalabaëv, A. (2021) · Dunod eBooks · doi:10.3917/dunod.marti.2021.02.0289
A single functional training session induces positive emotions and post-exercise hypotension
Pantaleão, A. E. M., Ritti‐Dias, R. M., da Silva, D. R. P., Leicht, A. S., Souza, A. A., Hora, J. E. J., Silva, G. I. C., Silva‐Grigoletto, M. E. D., Wichi, R. B., & Andrade-Lima, A. (2022) · Science & Sports · doi:10.1016/j.scispo.2021.03.010
Physical Activity and Self‐Concept: A Humanistic Intervention
Susan, O., & Kremer, J. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394259625.ch19
Tessier, D. P. (2025) · La Revue de Santé Scolaire et Universitaire · doi:10.1016/j.revssu.2025.01.007 · Cited by 1
Li, S. N., Peeling, P., Budden, T., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2024-0519
Späth, C. B., Timme, S., & Brand, R. (2025) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2025.2575415
“This was linked to a greater perceived ability to cope with the physical demands, an appraisal that may have contributed to the more positive affective responses (Rose & Parfitt, 2007).”
Dowla, R., Woollett, P., Mavros, Y., Murnion, B. P., & Rooney, K. B. (2025) · Advanced Exercise and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.aehs.2025.11.005
Application of Perceptual Models to the Measurement of Pain and Affective Responses to Exercise
Haile, L., Gallagher, M. S., & Robertson, R. J. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1917-8_14
Wang, K., Mehta, R. S., Ma, W., Nguyen, L. H., Wang, D. D., Ghazi, A. R., Yan, Y., Al‐Shaar, L., Wang, Y., Hang, D., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.23265017
Connor, M., Harrison, O. K., & Hargreaves, E. A. (2026) · Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand · doi:10.1002/snz2.70001
“Although underutilised in the exercise-anxiety literature, the use of self-selected intensities as a means of improving affect — a key component of psychological well-being — is well established (e.g. Rose and Parfitt 2007; Ekkekakis et al. 2013; Jones and Zenko 2023).”
Psychophysiological responses to stride frequency manipulation in men and women
Karim, R. A., Glasgow, G., Baker, J., Byrne, J. M., Hohl, R., & Basset, F. A. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0355226
“In the context of the dual-mode model [50], during low-intensity exercise (e.g., below or around the ventilatory threshold), affective responses appear to be less influenced by associative cognitive processes, including the appraisal of the exercise experience [49,52].”
Pleasure and enjoyment responses during different cool-down durationsPreprint
McClugage, C. L., Zenko, Z., Bartholomew, J., & Kilpatrick, M. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7441618
Onbaşı, S. İ., Kielbus, W., Brush, C. J., Amireault, S., Ullrich-French, S. C., Chang, Y., & Kao, S. (2026) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.70405
The influence of competitor presence on pacing regulation and performance during cycling time trials
Williams, E. L. (2015) · Edge Hill University
Metadata
- Authors
- Rose, E. A., & Parfitt, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Otago (NZ)
- University of Exeter (GB)
- ORCID
- Parfitt, Gaynor
- Venue
- Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology
- Publisher
- Human Kinetics
- Published
- 2007-06
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 281-309
- ISSN
- 0895-2779 (ISSN-L)
- 1543-2904
- OpenAlex
- W1801946579
- Cited by
- 224
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 10.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Keywords
- affective responses to exercise, exercise intensity, lactate threshold, self-selected exercise intensity, individual differences, dual-mode model, emotional valence, affective activation, perceived competence, perceived control, exercise effects, women
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Aptitude, Arousal, Physical Exertion, Female, Humans, Individuality, Internal-External Control, Middle Aged, Motivation, Self Concept, Anaerobic Threshold, Exercise, Lactic Acid
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