Volunteer Motivation, Satisfaction, and Management at an Elite Sporting Competition

“Related research has also revealed that benefits are experienced by event volunteers to a greater extent than costs, and particularly social enrichment through networking and a positive group environment (e.g., Elstad, 1996; Farrell et al., 1998; Larocque et al., 2002).”

“In spite of the large numbers and the importance of volunteers during special events such as sporting events and mega-events as the Olympic Games, limited research has been performed on motivation and satisfaction factors of volunteers participating in these special events (Elstad, 1996; Farrell et al., 1998; Johnston…”

“This implies that the increased regularity of events could be linked to the development of a body of volunteers that develops core competences in running the event thus ensuring its sustainability (Coyne & Coyne, 2001; Farrell et al. , 1998).”

“For example, it was found that volunteer motivations highly influence satisfaction with sports mega-events (e.g., Farrell et al., 1998; Reeser et al., 2005).”

“A consistent recommendation to managers is the ‘matching strategy’ (e.g., Clary & Snyder, 1999; Farrell et al., 1998; Reeser et al., 2005).”

“These factors stem mainly from motivation theories and include purposive, solidary, and external traditions (Farrell et al., 1998), or expression of values, patriotism/community involvement, interpersonal contacts, career orientation, personal growth, extrinsic rewards, and love of sport (Bang, Alexandris, & Ross, 200…”

“These studies support the idea that individuals have a variety of motivations to volunteer (Clary, 2004; Farrell et al., 1998).”

“…improved physical health, life satisfaction, self-esteem, happiness, mental, and physical health) lead volunteers to feel satisfied, and volunteer management significantly affects their behavioral intention (Beirne & Lambin, 2013; Farrell et al., 1998; Wilder et al., 2009; Yeung et al., 2018).”

“…Strigas & Newton Jackson, 2003; Twynam, Farrell, & Johnston, 2002/2003; Uriely, Schwartz, Cohen, & Reichel, 2002); experiences and satisfaction (Farrell et al., 1998; Silverberg, Marshall, & Ellis, 2001; Smith, 2002); aspects of commitment (Cuskelly, Auld, Harrington, & Coleman, 2004; Elstad,…”

“It is commonly assumed that volunteers' commitment to an event organization will be driven, at least in part, by their satisfaction with the volunteer experience (Elstad, 1996; Farrell et al., 1998).”

“Given previous literature on sport volunteering (e.g., Coyne & Coyne, 2001; Farrell et al., 1998; Hamm et al., 2008) and sense of community and sport (e.g., Warner, Shapiro, Dixon, Ridinger, & Harrison, 2011; Warner et al., 2012, 2013), it is clear that social factors are important in sport…”

“Research suggests that satisfaction with a specific volunteer episode is associated with positive perceptions of volunteering in general (Coyne & Coyne, 2001; Farrell et al., 1998).”

“Research on volunteer motivation to date has described a range of management practices that may enhance volunteer recruitment, work, and retention (e.g. Fairley et al., 2007; Farrell et al., 1998; Khoo & Engelhorn, 2011) and the importance of capturing volunteers’ experiences of specific management practices (Shaw, 20…”

“There are also findings in relation to major events that indicate a similar pattern of motivational behavior during or reported after an event, but once again the analysis of expectations in relation to engagement at an event is not addressed (Coyne & Coyne, 2001; Farrell et al., 1998; Williams et al., 1995).”

“0, four factors were extracted and these were labelled: Solidary, Purposive, Commitment, and External Traditions, similar dimensions to those reported by Farrell et al. (1998) and Johnston et al. (2000). Items and their factor loadings are illustrated in Table 3.”

“Volunteer job satisfaction is realized when the volunteers’ expectations are met (e.g., Farrell et al., 1998; Finkelstein, 2008).”

“This is in contrast to the many studies that have just examined volunteer motivations (such as Caldwell and Andereck 1994; Farrell et al. 1998).”

“an increasingly important area of research endeavor and specialization that has drawn on a rich vein of research (Allen & Bartle, 2014; Farrell, Johnston, & Twynam, 1998; Getz & Frisby, 1988; Nichols & Ojala, 2009; Wang & Wu, 2014).”

“, 1992), health professions (Fletcher and Major, 2004), and events (Farrell et al., 1998; Strigas and Jackson, 2003; Hamm and MacLean, 2007).”

“Based on a study on winter sport volunteering, Farrell, Johnston, and Twynam (1998) proposed a Special Event Volunteer Motivation Scale (SEVMS), consisting of four factors: purposive (i.e., the desire to do something useful and contribute to the community and the event), solidary (i.e., incentives…”

“…to sample the unique “behind the scenes” event experience, to uphold the spirit of an event and make it a success, as a means of contributing to society, or out of sheer excitement (Farrell et al., 1998; Giannoulakis et al., 2008; Green & Chalip, 2004; Güntert et al., 2015; Ralston et al., 2004).”

“This implies that the increased regularity of events canbe linked to thedevelopment of a core network of experienced volunteers who age with the event and who develop core competences in running the event thus ensuring its sustainability (Farrell et al., 1998; Coyne and Coyne, 2001).”

“Farrell et al. (1998) used a 28-item Special Event Volunteer Motivation Scale to assess motivations for volunteering at the 1996 Canadian Women’s Curling Championship.”

“These reasons exemplified the problems which were surfacing in the OC and relate to board governance/roles, and the retaining and motivating of volunteers and paid staff (see Cuskelly et al., 1999; Cuskelly et al., 1998; Farrell et al., 1998; Hanlon & Jago, 2004; Inglis, 1994, 1997).”

“organizing specific volunteer motives in broader categories has also been demonstrated earlier by Finkelstein (2009) who proposed a dichotomy between extrinsically and intrinsically driven motives.”

“Previous information on the psychological and sociological dimensions of volunteering (Beerli et al., 2004; Farrell et al., 1998; Monga, 2006; Saleh & Wood, 1998; Strigas & Newton-Jackson, 2003) was organised into different blocks based on Holbrook’s value dimensionality: functional, social, hedonistic and spiritual f…”

“The VFI by Clary et al. (1998) and the SEVMS by Farrell et al. (1998) have improved a better understanding of volunteer motivation in general and have been used more broadly than other scales.”

“…body of knowledge about the motives and behavior of major or special event volunteers has been built on a number of studies that have concentrated data collection on a single event using cross-sectional research designs (e.g., Andrew, 1996; Elstad, 1996; Farrell et al., 1998; Saleh & Wood, 1998).”

“These data reveal important links between management and volunteer satisfaction, a topic explored in Farrell et al. (1998). This seems especially meaningful given the top ranking reason for volunteering for the event: "I wanted to help make the event a success.”

“Much previous sport event research has used quantitative methods, often involving large samples (Farrell et al., 1998; Skirstad & Hanstad, 2013; Wollebæk et al., 2012).”

“The extant research also indicates that sport event volunteers’ satisfaction with their experience is particularly associated with their opportunity to connect with other volunteers in general (Allen & Shaw, 2009; Farrell et al., 1998), and to connect during training in particular (Costa et al.”

“, 1995) and women’s curling competition (Farrell et al., 1998).”

“In addition to social enrichment ( Allen & Shaw, 2009; Costa et al., 2006; Doherty, 2003; Elstad, 1996; Farrell et al., 1998; Green & Chalip, 2004 ), research has found sport event volunteers’ overall satisfaction to be positively associated with personal growth (Elstad, 1996), a sense of community…”

“Eventually, they attract a core of regular veteran volunteers, such as retirees, who age with the event and who develop core competences in running the event thus ensuring its sustainability (Farrell et al., 1998; Coyne and Coyne, 2001).”

“, 2013) and London 2012 was developed from previous uses of the SEVMS and its various adaptations, and has been demonstrated as being effective in analysing the motivations of volunteers in a arrange of sport events (Edwards et al., 2009; Farrell et al., 1998; Giannoulakis et al., 2008; Khoo and Engelhorn, 2007, 2011;…”

“This paper leads to an understanding of loyalty, within the context of volunteering, as the commitment and attachment to the experience of volunteering in a similar event (Farrell et al., 1998).”

“For some, that excitement stems from being part of a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity (Farrell et al., 1998; Green & Chalip, 2004).”

“Exceptions in the former case are Caldwell and Andereck (1994) and Farrell et al. (1998).”

“This has occurred particularly in the context of sports events where formalized scales have been developed for motivation (Cnaan & Goldberg-Glen, 1991) and subsequently developed to analyze satisfaction (Farrell et al., 1998) and applied in many sports contexts (Cuskelly et al.”

“However, as reported in [13], the quality of training provided at an event influences commitment to and satisfaction with the event [40].”

“The reasoning behind the wide use of satisfaction as a predictor of human behaviors is that individuals make decisions based on diverse information, and their evaluation of previous experiences serves as a powerful informational cue for their decision-making [83].”

“…support previous literature focusing on sport volunteer management and are recognized as an extension of the seminal work by Clary et al. (1998) and Farrell et al. (1998), but researchers were asked to repeatedly test the modified VMS-ISE using samples from different special sporting events (Bang…”

“…and cultural, although the contribution of, for example, Elstad (1996) and Kemp (2002) in relation to volunteer learning and the wider discussions contained in Farrell et al. (1998), Chalip (2000), Moragas et al. (2000) and Green and Chalip (2004) are evidence of an emerging field of study.”

“Volunteer Satisfaction Satisfaction with a specific volunteer experience is connected to positive perceptions of volunteering and intentions to serve as a volunteer in the future (Coyne and Coyne, 2001; Farrell et al., 1998; Green and Chalip, 2004).”

“Previous research has indicated that a high proportion of volunteers at national events are women (Doherty, 2009; Farrell et al., 1998; Pauline and Pauline, 2009; Strigas and Jackson, 2003).”

“Volunteers who believe their actions are purposeful and meaningful are more internally motivated and experience more positive affective and attitudinal outcomes (Farrell et al., 1998).”

“Thus, volunteer satisfaction partly emerges from organizational attributes and management practices (Farrell et al., 1998; Penner, 2002), including the characteristics of volunteer activities (Milette & Gagné, 2008; Vecina et al., 2009).”

“Farrell, Johnston, and Twynam (1998) supported this notion, stating that sport event volunteers should be considered a distinct category of volunteers who seek to fulfil specific motives through their involvement in sports events, such as enjoyment of and involvement with the sport and facing a…”

“One reason may be that many of these inves- tigations have looked at women’s sport activities (Farrell et al., 1998; MacLean & Hamm, 2007).”

“Going beyond socio-economic variables such as age, income or education level, several studies have performed theoretical and/or empirical analyses of the motives associated with voluntary engagement from a variety of perspectives and in a variety of different sport contexts (e.g. Braun, 2003; Emrich et al., 2014; Farr…”

“…of volunteering are an important factor in encouraging volunteers to continue their volunteering, all the more so for event volunteers, while negative volunteering experiences or insufficient training would jeopardise the viability of volunteering (Farrell et al., 1998; Slaughter and Home, 2004).”

“…volunteerism have examined various motivations extensively (Alexander, Kim, and Kim 2015; Allen and Shaw 2009; Dickson, Benson, and Terwiel 2014; Farrell, Johnston, and Twynam 1998; Hamm, MacLean, and Misener 2008; Love et al. 2011; Love, Morse, and Ruihley 2013; Kim et al. 2009; Strigas and…”

“Thus, the results of the present study contradict those from previous research by Farrell et al. (1998), who claim that there are relationships between volunteer motivation, volunteer satisfaction, and behavior intention.”

“…Aisbett, Randle, & Kappelides, 2015; Fairley, Kellett, & Green, 2007; Giannoulakis, Wang, & Gray, 2008; Reeser et al., 2005), special events (e.g., Farrell et al., 1998; Peachey et al., 2015; Stukas, Snyder, & Gil, 2016; Wang, 2004), and marathons (e.g., Bang & Ross, 2009; Han, 2007; Hwang, 2010;…”

“…service organisation and a trade union) concerning the organisational environment and found differences in terms of commitment and involvement; Farrell et al. (1998) surveyed volunteers about their experience, site facilities and organisation and; finally Costa et al. (2006) indicate that…”

“volunteers remain loyal so they can be utilised in the future? It is assumed that volunteer’s commitment will, at least in part, be driven by their satisfaction with the experience (Elstad, 1996; Farell et al., 1998).”

“Therefore, we used a nonparametric permutation-based test to account for the mixed (within/between) design (Efron and RJ, 1993; Farrell et al., 1998).”