Suppression of Cytokine-Mediated Complement Factor Gene Expression through Selective Activation of the Ah Receptor with 3′,4′-Dimethoxy-α-naphthoflavone
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We have characterized previously a class of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) ligand termed selective AHR modulators (SAhRMs). SAhRMs exhibit anti-inflammatory properties, including suppression of cytokine-mediated acute phase genes (e.g., Saa1), through dissociation of non-dioxin-response element (DRE) AHR activity from DRE-dependent xenobiotic gene expression. The partial AHR agonist α-naphthoflavone (αNF) mediates the suppressive, non-DRE dependent effects on SAA1 expression and partial DRE-mediated CYP1A1 induction. These observations suggest that αNF may be structurally modified to a derivative exhibiting only SAhRM activity. A screen of αNF derivatives identifies 3',4'-dimethoxy-αNF (DiMNF) as a candidate SAhRM. Competitive ligand binding validates DiMNF as an AHR ligand, and DRE-dependent reporter assays with quantitative mRNA analysis of AHR target genes reveal minimal agonist activity associated with AHR binding. Consistent with loss of agonist activity, DiMNF fails to promote AHR binding to DRE probes as determined through electromobility shift assay. Importantly, mRNA analysis indicates that DiMNF retains the suppressive capacity of αNF regarding cytokine-mediated SAA1 expression in Huh7 cells. Interestingly, predictive docking modeling suggests that DiMNF adopts a unique orientation within the AHR ligand binding pocket relative to αNF and may facilitate the rational design of additional SAhRMs. Microarray studies with a non-DRE binding but otherwise functional AHR mutant identified complement factor C3 as a potential SAhRM target. We confirmed this observation in Huh7 cells using 10 μM DiMNF, which significantly repressed C3 mRNA and protein. These data expand the classes of AHR ligands exerting DRE-independent anti-inflammatory SAhRM activity, suggesting SAhRMs may have application in the amelioration of inflammatory disorders.
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Experimental confirmation of predicted binding modes for TCDD and other ligands in the AHR LBD is generally lacking.
“While the binding modes of TCDD and other ligands within the AHR LBD of a given species (typically that of mouse or human AHR) have been predicted by these approaches, experimental confirmation of these proposed interactions are generally lacking.”
From Comparative Analysis of Homology Models of the Ah Receptor Ligand Binding Domain: Verification of Structure–Function Predictions by Site-Directed Mutagenesis of a Nonfunctional Receptor (2013) · cites this paper as [25]
The Results section, “DiMNF Adopts a Unique Orientation within the Ligand Binding Pocket of AHR” (page unavailable), presents predicted binding interactions in mouse and human AHR. The Discussion says mutational analysis may verify a predicted DiMNF interaction and that a crystal structure may clarify ligand-induced differences. These passages support a lack of confirmation for the paper’s proposed DiMNF interaction, but do not establish that experimental confirmation of binding modes for TCDD and other ligands is generally lacking. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHomology models have been used in molecular docking to study interactions of known agonists within the AHR LBD and in virtual screening of putative ligands.
“More recently, these models have been used in molecular docking studies in an attempt to elucidate the detailed interactions of some known ligands (agonists) within the AHR LBD as well as in the virtual screening of collections of putative ligands (12,18-20,22-25).”
From Comparative Analysis of Homology Models of the Ah Receptor Ligand Binding Domain: Verification of Structure–Function Predictions by Site-Directed Mutagenesis of a Nonfunctional Receptor (2013) · cites this paper as [25]
The Molecular Docking section and the section on DiMNF’s orientation in the AHR ligand pocket describe modeled docking of ligands and predicted interactions with specific residues. Our copy does not describe virtual screening of ligand collections or explicitly identify the model as a homology model; those parts of the citing sentence are not supported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.83)
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Grishanova, A. Y., & Perepechaeva, M. L. (2025) · Journal of Xenobiotics · doi:10.3390/jox15060206 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Izawa, T., Hutami, I. R., Yoshikawa, Y., Kozaki, G., Hamada, Y., Namba, Y., Taguchi, M., Chen, J., Habumugisha, J., & Kamioka, H. (2025) · Journal of Oral Biosciences · doi:10.1016/j.job.2025.100726 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Current perspectives on benzoflavone analogues with potent biological activities: A review
Liu, G., Zhao, Z., Li, M., Zhao, M., Xu, T. W., Wang, S., & Zhang, Y. (2022) · Arabian Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104109 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Consequences of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation in Crohn's Disease.
Benson, J. M. (2012) · The Mathematics Enthusiast
Grey, A. M. (2012) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
What Makes a Good Antagonist: Lessons Learned from the Estrogen and Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptors
Swanson, H. I. (2021) · Nuclear Receptors · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-78315-0_9
The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor and Immunity
Ehrlich, A. K., & Sulentic, C. E. W. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95488-4.00144-3
Fu, S.-T., Hsiao, G., Li, C.-H., Chan, Y.-J., Hsu, T.-J., Kung, Y.-C., Cheng, Y., & Lee, C. (2026) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2026.154449
- Authors
- Murray, I. A., Flaveny, C. A., Chiaro, C. R., Sharma, A. K., Tanos, R. S., Schroeder, J. C., Amin, S. G., Bisson, W. H., Kolluri, S. K., & Perdew, G. H.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- University of Geneva (CH)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Molecular Pharmacology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-03
- Volume
- 79
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 508-519
- ISSN
- 0026-895X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3061363
- OpenAlex
- W2147140209
- Cited by
- 53
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 4.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Molecular Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (ES04869)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01ES004869, ES04869)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics, phytochemicals, and oxidative stress
- Keywords
- aryl hydrocarbon receptor, alpha-naphthoflavone, complement C3, serum amyloid A1, anti-inflammatory activity, binding pocket, structure-activity relationship, CYP1A1 induction, Huh7 cells
- MeSH terms
- Acute-Phase Reaction, Serum Amyloid A Protein, Benzoflavones, Cell Line, Complement C3, Humans, Inflammation, Ligands, Protein Binding, Gene Expression, Cytokines, Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon, Photoaffinity Labels, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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