Cited by 80Computational Drug Discovery MethodsProtein Structure and DynamicsToxic Organic Pollutants Impact

New Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Homology Model Targeted To Improve Docking Reliability

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Motto, Ilaria, Bordogna, Annalisa, Soshilov, Anatoly A., Denison, Michael S., Bonati, Laura·2011·Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling

Abstract

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-dependent, basic helix-loop-helix Per-ARNT-Sim (PAS) containing transcription factor that can bind and be activated by structurally diverse chemicals, including the toxic environmental contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). As no experimentally determined structures of the AhR ligand binding domain (LBD) are available and previous homology models were only derived from apo template structures, we developed a new model based on holo X-ray structures of the hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF-2α) PAS B domain, targeted to improve the accuracy of the binding site for molecular docking applications. We experimentally confirmed the ability of two HIF-2α crystallographic ligands to bind to the mAhR with relatively high affinity and demonstrated that they are AhR agonists, thus justifying the use of the holo HIF-2α structures as templates. A specific modeling/docking approach was proposed to predict the binding modes of AhR ligands in the modeled LBD. It was validated by comparison of the calculated and the experimental binding affinities of active THS ligands and TCDD for the mAhR and by functional activity analysis using several mAhR mutants generated on the basis of the modeling results. Finally the ability of the proposed approach to reproduce the different affinities of TCDD for AhRs of different species was confirmed, and a first test of its reliability in virtual screening is carried out by analyzing the correlation between the calculated and experimental binding affinities of a set of 14 PCDDs.

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  • Experimental confirmation of predicted binding modes for TCDD and other ligands in the AHR LBD is generally lacking.

    “While the binding modes of TCDD and other ligands within the AHR LBD of a given species (typically that of mouse or human AHR) have been predicted by these approaches, experimental confirmation of these proposed interactions are generally lacking.”

    From Comparative Analysis of Homology Models of the Ah Receptor Ligand Binding Domain: Verification of Structure–Function Predictions by Site-Directed Mutagenesis of a Nonfunctional Receptor (2013) · cites this paper as [19]

    The Introduction says the predicted TCDD binding mode was confirmed by functional analysis of mouse AHR mutants. The Results and Discussion section reports new mutagenesis data that “further confirm” that binding mode. Although the Conclusions say no experimentally determined AHR LBD structures were available, that is not the same as saying experimental confirmation of proposed interactions was generally lacking. (LLM, conf=0.84)

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  • Homology models of the AHR ligand-binding domain exist for only a small number of species.

    “homology models of the AHR ligand-binding domain (LBD) are available for only a few species.”

    From Comparative Analysis of Homology Models of the Ah Receptor Ligand Binding Domain: Verification of Structure–Function Predictions by Site-Directed Mutagenesis of a Nonfunctional Receptor (2013) · cites this paper as [19]

    The Introduction (page unavailable) describes AhR LBD homology models for mouse, human, and rat and refers to models of several mammalian AhRs. It does not establish that models are available for only a few species overall. (LLM, conf=0.78)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • MD simulations allowed an improved description of the ligand binding modes and identification of all interacting residues.

    “MD simulations allowed us to obtain an improved description of the ligand binding modes and the identification of all the interacting residues21,24,43.”

    From Modeling the binding of diverse ligands within the Ah receptor ligand binding domain (2019) · cites this paper as [24]

    The Results and Discussion section ('Ensemble docking approach to study ligand binding to the AhR'; page unavailable) reports that combined Monte Carlo/Stochastic Dynamics simulations clarified where TCDD was stabilized in the binding cavity and identified hydrogen bonds with Thr 283 and Gln 377. It does not claim that the simulations identified all interacting residues. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Previously, L302A and L309A mutations dramatically reduced TCDD binding activity, whereas C327A, M334A, and S359A at the entrance of the cavity only partially affected it.

    “We previously observed that the L302A, L309A mutations dramatically reduced TCDD binding activity, whereas C327A, M334A and S359A, at the entrance of the cavity, only partially affected it24.”

    From Modeling the binding of diverse ligands within the Ah receptor ligand binding domain (2019) · cites this paper as [24]

    The Results and Discussion section (page unavailable) reports dramatically reduced TCDD binding for L302A and L309A, an approximately 40% reduction for S359A, and partial reductions for C327A and M334A. It places Ser 359 at the cavity entrance but does not establish that Cys 327 and Met 334 are there too. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Homology models of the AHR LBD have revealed key structural features and, when combined with site-directed mutagenesis and functional assays, have helped identify amino acids important for ligand binding and ligand-dependent activation.

    “These theoretical models not only have revealed key structural aspects of the domain, but when coupled with site directed mutagenesis and functional analysis, have proven to be helpful in identifying amino acids important in ligand binding and ligand-dependent AHR activation (12,17-19,21).”

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Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. [7]Denison MS Seidel SD Rogers WJ Ziccardi M Winter GM Heath-Pagliuso S Puga A Wallace KB Natural and synthetic ligands for the Ah receptor Molecular Biology Approaches to Toxicology Taylor & Francis Philadelphia, PA 1998 393 410

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Authors
Motto, I., Bordogna, A., Soshilov, A. A., Denison, M. S., & Bonati, L.
Affiliations
  • University of Milano-Bicocca (IT)
  • University of California, Davis (US)
Corresponding author
Bonati, Laura
Venue
Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling
Published
2011-11-02
Volume
51
Issue
11
Pages
2868-2881
ISSN
  • 1549-9596 (ISSN-L)
  • 1549-960X
OpenAlex
W2053244650
Cited by
80
References
73
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 1
FWCI
5.12
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca) (submittedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P42ES004699, R01ES007685, ES007685, ES004699)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computational Theory and Mathematics › Computational Drug Discovery Methods
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Structure and Dynamics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
Keywords
aryl hydrocarbon receptor, homology modeling, ligand-binding domain, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, molecular docking, binding site prediction, virtual screening, AhR agonists, environmental pollutants
MeSH terms
Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins, Endothelial PAS Domain-Containing Protein 1, Animals, Binding Sites, Binding, Competitive, Chlorocebus aethiops, Humans, Ligands, Models, Molecular, Mutation, Plasmids, Protein Binding, Recombinant Proteins, Transfection, Gene Expression, Mutagenesis, Site-Directed, Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs, Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon, Crystallography, X-Ray, Computational Biology, COS Cells, Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay, Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins

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