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Cited by 169Quantum Information and CryptographyQuantum Computing Algorithms and ArchitectureRandom lasers and scattering media

Two-photon quantum walk in a multimode fiber

Open access
Defienne, Hugo, Barbieri, Marco, Walmsley, Ian A., Smith, Brian J., Gigan, Sylvain·2016·Science Advances
DOI 10.1126/sciadv.1501054PMC PMC4846436
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Abstract

Control of a two-photon quantum walk in a complex multimode system by wavefront shaping.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

The authors demonstrate a two-photon quantum walk in an 11-cm graded-index multimode fiber supporting approximately 380 modes, using wavefront shaping to control photon-pair propagation and interference. They reconstruct/calculate a two-photon transmission matrix and show deterministic control of two-photon bunching and anti-bunching in selected output states.

Key findings

  • The multimode fiber supports approximately 380 transverse spatial and polarization modes at 810 nm; each photon is delocalized over approximately 50 independent output speckle grains, and the directly measured two-photon transmission matrix subset is a 16 × 4 coincidence matrix, while the complete TTM consists of approximately (380 × 380)² elements.
  • Nonclassical contrast is defined as C = (Rδ=0 − Rδ=0.4 mm)/Rδ=0.4 mm, with a classical bound of 0.5; the results show robust quantum coherence between photons after propagation through the fiber.
  • Focusing photon H to output position |X2⟩ and photon V to |Y3⟩ yields coincidence rates about 100 times higher than background for both distinguishable and indistinguishable photons, with no significant change between δ = 0.4 mm and δ = 0.
  • In a superposition configuration with φH = φV, the coincidence rate increases by 72% for indistinguishable photons (δ = 0) compared to distinguishable photons (δ = 0.4 mm); scanning 64 phase settings shows constructive interference at φH = φV and destructive interference at φH = φV ± π, with HOM-like peak, dip, and flat-line behavior for (0,0), (0,π), and (0,π/2).

Methods

  • Photon pairs were generated by type II SPDC in a 10-mm PPKTP crystal pumped by a 25-mW continuous-wave 405-nm laser diode, producing frequency-degenerate 810-nm photons filtered to 1-nm FWHM; a Hong-Ou-Mandel experiment measured 86% two-photon interference contrast.
  • The experiment used an 11-cm graded-index multimode fiber with a 50-μm core diameter, two phase-only SLM regions (SLM H and SLM V), an EMCCD camera, and two polarization-maintaining single-mode fibers coupled to APDs; coincidence measurements used a 2.5-ns window and acquisition times of 900 s or 290 s.
  • The transmission matrix was measured with a phase-stepping holographic method using 180 spatial modes on SLM H and 190 on SLM V, for a total of N = 370 modes; the two-photon transmission matrix was calculated from the classical TM, and its transpose conjugate was used as an inverse operator to determine input fields focusing photon pairs into the output state a^|X2⟩ + a^|Y3⟩ + |0⟩.

Limitations

  • The paper states that a key experimental challenge is scaling up the number of modes and photons involved in such experiments.
  • The paper notes that the direct TTM measurement covers only a small subset of 64 elements, and the full TTM was calculated from the classical TM because of the large number of modes; the two SLM configurations are described as equivalent solutions under the experimental constraints.
  • Evident from the text: the demonstration is limited to two photons and selected output spatial states, and the fiber propagation is treated as quasi-monochromatic with temporal dispersion neglected.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1126/sciadv.1501054

Cites

50 of 50 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

22 of 29 cited sources checked · 11 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Scaling controlled propagation of single-photon states through random media to multiphoton states is challenging because of the exceptionally high number of spatial and spectral modes of a diffusive medium.

    “Whereas controlled propagation of single-photon states through random media has been recently demonstrated (32–34), scaling this approach to multiphoton states is challenging because of the exceptionally high number of spatial and spectral modes of a diffusive medium.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [32] Carpenter J., Xiong C., Collins M. J., Li J., Krauss T. F., Eggleton B. J., Clark A. S., Schröder J., Mode multiplexed single-photon and classical channels in a few-mode fiber. Opt. Express 21, 28794– 28800 (2013). 24514391 source
    • cites [33] Defienne H., Barbieri M., Chalopin B., Chatel B., Walmsley I. A., Smith B. J., Gigan S., Nonclassical light manipulation in a multiple-scattering medium. Opt. Lett. 39, 6090– 6093 (2014). 25361286 source
    • cites [34] Huisman T. J., Huisman S. R., Mosk A. P., Pinkse P. W. H., Controlling single-photon Fock-state propagation through opaque scattering media. Appl. Phys. B 116, 603– 607 (2014). source
  • Premisecitation

    In this system, photons are continuously redirected during their propagation through coupling between modes, thus undergoing a continuous-time quantum walk.

    “In this system, photons are continuously redirected during their propagation through coupling between modes, thus undergoing a continuous-time quantum walk (11).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] Peruzzo A., Lobino M., Matthews J. C. F., Matsuda N., Politi A., Poulios K., Zhou X.-Q., Lahini Y., Ismail N., Wörhoff K., Bromberg Y., Silberberg Y., Thompson M. G., OBrien J. L., Quantum walks of correlated photons. Science 329, 1500– 1503 (2010). 20847264 source
  • Premisecitation

    Investigations of nonclassical states of light through complex media have yet to realize the full potential of quantum walks, which require the ability to prepare arbitrary input states of the walkers.

    “Whereas the propagation of nonclassical states of light through such media has been explored theoretically and experimentally (23–27), these investigations have yet to realize the full potential of quantum walks, which require the ability to prepare arbitrary input states of the walkers.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim4 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [23] Lodahl P., Mosk A. P., Lagendijk A., Spatial quantum correlations in multiple scattered light. Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 173901 (2005). 16383830 source
    • cites [24] Smith B. J., Raymer M. G., Two-photon wave mechanics. Phys. Rev. A 74, 062104 (2006). source
    • cites [25] Smolka S., Huck A., Andersen U. L., Lagendijk A., Lodahl P., Observation of spatial quantum correlations induced by multiple scattering of nonclassical light. Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 193901 (2009). 19518951 source
    • cites [26] Peeters W. H., Moerman J. J. D., van Exter M. P., Observation of two-photon speckle patterns. Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 173601 (2010). 20482107 source
    • cites [27] Candé M., Skipetrov S. E., Quantum versus classical effects in two-photon speckle patterns. Phys. Rev. A 87, 013846 (2013). source
  • Findingown data

    In the second configuration, the EMCCD camera images confirm that each photon is delocalized on the two targeted output spatial regions.

    “The EMCCD camera images (Fig. 3B2) confirm that each photon is delocalized on the two targeted output spatial regions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    By scanning the path length difference between the two photons for three specific phase settings, (φH, φV) ∈ {(0, 0), (0, π), (0, π/2)}, three HOM-like plots are retrieved displaying a peak, a dip, and flat line.

    “By scanning the path length difference between the two photons for three specific phase settings, (ϕH, ϕV) ∈ {(0, 0), (0, π), (0, π/2)}, we retrieve three HOM-like plots (Fig. 4B) displaying a peak (green), a dip (red), and flat line (blue).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The classical bound on the magnitude of the nonclassical contrast is 0.5.
  • May combine two claims. 7
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 11

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The system has the potential for a programmable multimode optical network, establishing MMFs as a reconfigurable, high-dimensional platform for multiphoton quantum walks.

    “Our results show that this system has the potential for a programmable multimode optical network (38), establishing MMFs as a reconfigurable, high-dimensional platform for multiphoton quantum walks.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [38] Huisman S. R., Huisman T. J., Wolterink T. A. W., Mosk A. P., Pinkse P. W. H., Programmable multiport optical circuits in opaque scattering materials. Opt. Express 23, 3102– 3116 (2015). 25836169 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Quantum walks with entangled photons have led to simulation of Anderson localization and Fano resonances mimicking fermionic-like systems.

    “For example, quantum walks with entangled photons (11) have led to simulation of Anderson localization and Fano resonances mimicking fermionic-like systems (12).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [11] Peruzzo A., Lobino M., Matthews J. C. F., Matsuda N., Politi A., Poulios K., Zhou X.-Q., Lahini Y., Ismail N., Wörhoff K., Bromberg Y., Silberberg Y., Thompson M. G., OBrien J. L., Quantum walks of correlated photons. Science 329, 1500– 1503 (2010). 20847264 source

      The paper demonstrates quantum walks of two identical photons and reports non-classical correlations (Quantum walks of correlated particles, p. 1), supporting the part linked to citation (11). But it says the photons were initially prepared in a separable product state (p. 5), so describing the demonstration as a walk *with entangled photons* is imprecise. The Anderson-localization and Fano-resonance clause is linked to citation (12), not this source. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [12] Crespi A., Osellame R., Ramponi R., Giovannetti V., Fazio R., Sansoni L., De Nicola F., Sciarrino F., Mataloni P., Anderson localization of entangled photons in an integrated quantum walk. Nat. Photonics 7, 322– 328 (2013). source

      In the section titled “Anderson localization of entangled photons in an integrated quantum walk” (page unavailable), the paper reports simulating Anderson localization with entangled photons and using polarization entanglement to simulate fermionic as well as bosonic statistics. Our copy does not report Fano resonances, so that part of the claim is unsupported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.90)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Multiphoton quantum walks have the potential to demonstrate an undisputed quantum advantage through the boson-sampling algorithm.

    “Further attention has been devoted to the computational complexity of multiphoton quantum walks, which has the potential to demonstrate an undisputed quantum advantage through the boson-sampling algorithm (13–19).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim6 of 7 sources checked
    • cites [13] Tillmann M., Dakić B., Heilmann R., Nolte S., Szameit A., Walther P., Experimental boson sampling. Nat. Photonics 7, 540– 544 (2013). source

      The opening passage (p. 1) says boson sampling with interfering photons has the potential to outperform conventional computers, supporting the claimed potential for quantum advantage. But the Introduction (p. 1) describes classical hardness as strongly believed, not established beyond dispute; the paper does not support the word “undisputed.” (LLM, conf=0.83)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [14] Crespi A., Osellame R., Ramponi R., Brod D. J., Galvão E. F., Spagnolo N., Vitelli C., Maiorino E., Mataloni P., Sciarrino F., Integrated multimode interferometers with arbitrary designs for photonic boson sampling. Nat. Photonics 7, 545– 549 (2013). source

      The paper describes boson sampling as a multiphoton linear-optical process believed to be hard to simulate classically (p. 1) and says scaling up its experiment would provide strong evidence of hard-to-simulate quantum behavior (p. 4). It supports the potential for a quantum advantage, but its conditional language does not support calling that advantage “undisputed.” (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [15] Spring J. B., Metcalf B. J., Humphreys P. C., Kolthammer W. S., Jin X.-M., Barbieri M., Datta A., Thomas-Peter N., Langford N. K., Kundys D., Gates J. C., Smith B. J., Smith P. G. R., Walmsley I. A., Boson sampling on a photonic chip. Science 339, 798– 801 (2013). 23258407 source
    • cites [16] Broome M. A., Fedrizzi A., Rahimi-Keshari S., Dove J., Aaronson S., Ralph T. C., White A. G., Photonic boson sampling in a tunable circuit. Science 339, 794– 798 (2013). 23258411 source

      The paper describes boson sampling with multiple photons in a linear-optical circuit and presents scaling it up as a route to quantum computational advantage (pp. 1–2). It does not support the stronger word “undisputed”: it calls the large-scale advantage conjectural, notes that efficient verification is unknown, and says scaling would provide strong evidence. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [17] Spagnolo N., Vitelli C., Bentivegna M., Brod D. J., Crespi A., Flamini F., Giacomini S., Milani G., Ramponi R., Mataloni P., Osellame R., Galvão E. F., Sciarrino F., Experimental validation of photonic boson sampling. Nat. Photonics 8, 615– 620 (2014). source
    • cites [18] Carolan J., Harrold C., Sparrow C., Martín-López E., Russell N. J., Silverstone J. W., Shadbolt P. J., Matsuda N., Oguma M., Itoh M., Marshall G. D., Thompson M. G., Matthews J. C. F., Hashimoto T., O’Brien J. L., Laing A., Universal linear optics. Science 349, 711– 716 (2015). 26160375 source

      In “Implementing boson sampling” (p. 4), the paper describes boson sampling with many photons as a potential route to computational capabilities beyond classical machines. It does not identify this as a result about multiphoton quantum walks. The “Verifying boson sampling” passage (p. 4) also says that checking large-scale results remains an open question, so the paper does not support calling the advantage “undisputed.” (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [19] Bentivegna M., Spagnolo N., Vitelli C., Flamini F., Viggianiello N., Latmiral L., Mataloni P., Brod D. J., Galvão E. F., Crespi A., Ramponi R., Osellame R., Sciarrino F., Experimental scattershot boson sampling. Sci. Adv. 1, e1400255 (2015). 26601164 PMC4640628 source

      The Introduction describes boson sampling through multiphoton interference and says a larger experiment could provide strong evidence for quantum computational supremacy. It does not establish that the advantage would be undisputed: the hardness argument depends on computational assumptions, and the Discussion allows that more efficient classical algorithms may be possible. The cited paper does not explicitly call the process a multiphoton quantum walk. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Quantum walks lie at the core of simulating condensed matter systems, quantum-enhanced search algorithms, and universal models of quantum computation.

    “This simple phenomenon lies at the core of simulating condensed matter systems, quantum-enhanced search algorithms, and universal models of quantum computation (1, 2).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [1] Childs A. M., Gosset D., Webb Z., Universal computation by multiparticle quantum walk. Science 339, 791– 794 (2013). 23413349 source
    • cites [2] Childs A. M., Universal computation by quantum walk. Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 180501 (2009). 19518851 source

      The Introduction (p. 1) describes speedups from quantum-walk algorithms, and the Discussion (p. 7) establishes quantum walks as a universal computational primitive. These passages support the search-algorithm and universal-computation parts of the claim. Our copy does not establish a role for quantum walks in simulating condensed matter systems. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Digital wavefront shaping has emerged as a powerful approach to manipulate light propagation through complex media.

    “A paradigm shift has occurred in the last few years in which digital wavefront shaping has emerged as a powerful approach to manipulate light propagation through complex media (28).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [28] Mosk A. P., Lagendijk A., Lerosey G., Fink M., Controlling waves in space and time for imaging and focusing in complex media. Nat. Photonics 6, 283– 292 (2012). source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Integrated optical circuits permitting nearest-neighbor coupling between a few tens of modes have been the key technology used in the nascent field of multiphoton quantum walks.

    “Integrated optical circuits permitting nearest-neighbor coupling between a few tens of modes have been the key technology used in the nascent field of multiphoton quantum walks (20–22).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [20] Sansoni L., Sciarrino F., Vallone G., Mataloni P., Crespi A., Ramponi R., Osellame R., Two-particle bosonic-fermionic quantum walk via integrated photonics. Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 010502 (2012). 22304249 source

      The paper describes an integrated waveguide circuit with directional couplers for a two-photon quantum walk (pp. 2–3), supporting the circuit’s role as an example of the technology used. Its Fig. 2 caption specifies a four-step walk, but our copy does not establish coupling between a few tens of modes or the broader claim that such circuits were the field’s key technology. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [21] Poulios K., Keil R., Fry D., Meinecke J. D. A., Matthews J. C. F., Politi A., Lobino M., Gräfe M., Heinrich M., Nolte S., Szameit A., O’Brien J. L., Quantum walks of correlated photon pairs in two-dimensional waveguide arrays. Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 143604 (2014). 24765962 source

      The paper’s Abstract and conclusion describe an integrated waveguide circuit used for a two-photon quantum walk, and its discussion identifies nearest-neighbour coupling as a feature of earlier 1D geometries. It does not establish that circuits coupling a few tens of modes were the key technology for the field; its own experiment uses a 2D geometry intended to go beyond those earlier arrangements. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [22] Gräfe M., Heilmann R., Perez-Leija A., Keil R., Dreisow F., Heinrich M., Moya-Cessa H., Nolte S., Christodoulides D. N., Szameit A., On-chip generation of high-order single-photon W-states. Nat. Photonics 8, 791– 795 (2014). source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    The use of broadband nonclassical sources combined with spatiotemporal wavefront shaping techniques provides additional degrees of freedom to increase the number of modes that can be addressed and extend the possibilities for quantum information processing.

    “The use of broadband nonclassical sources combined with recently developed spatiotemporal wavefront shaping techniques (40, 41) provides additional degrees of freedom to increase the number of modes that can be addressed and extend the possibilities for quantum information processing.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [40] Aulbach J., Gjonaj B., Johnson P. M., Mosk A. P., Lagendijk A., Control of light transmission through opaque scattering media in space and time. Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 103901 (2011). 21469791 source
    • cites [41] Andreoli D., Volpe G., Popoff S., Katz O., Grésillon S., Gigan S., Deterministic control of broadband light through a multiply scattering medium via the multispectral transmission matrix. Sci. Rep. 5, 10347 (2015). 25965944 PMC4428030 source

      Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    An increase in the coincidence rate of 72% is observed for indistinguishable photons (δ = 0) compared to distinguishable photons (δ = 0.4 mm), whereas single counts remain unaffected.

    “As shown in Fig. 3B3, we observe an increase in the coincidence rate of 72% for indistinguishable photons (δ = 0) compared to distinguishable photons (δ = 0.4 mm), whereas single counts remain unaffected.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The measured intensity correlations are modified when the distinguishability of the two photons is adjusted from indistinguishable (δ = 0) to distinguishable (δ = 0.4 mm), while each individual intensity profile remains unchanged.

    “The measured intensity correlations are modified when the distinguishability of the two photons is adjusted from indistinguishable (δ = 0) to distinguishable (δ = 0.4 mm), while each individual intensity profile remains unchanged.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    The MMF carried about 380 optical modes.

    “This MMF carried about 380 optical modes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The TM was measured for both input polarizations by programming 180 spatial modes on SLM H and 190 spatial modes on SLM V, leading to a total of N = 370 modes.

    “In this experiment, the TM was measured for both input polarizations by programming 180 spatial modes on SLM H and 190 spatial modes on SLM V, leading to a total of N = 370 modes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Photon pairs interfere constructively, leading to a photon bunching effect, when φH = φV, and destructively when φH = φV ± π.

    “Photon pairs interfere constructively, leading to a photon bunching effect, when ϕH = ϕV, and destructively when ϕH = ϕV ± π.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The classical bound on the magnitude of the nonclassical contrast is 0.5.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    The overall intensity distribution at the output is the incoherent sum of each individual photon intensity profile and is independent of the indistinguishability of the photons.

    “The overall intensity distribution is the incoherent sum of each individual photon intensity profile and is independent of the indistinguishability of the photons.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The quantum coherence between the photons is robust under propagation through the MMF, which acts as a high-dimensional multimode platform for quantum interference.

    “These results demonstrate that the quantum coherence between the photons is robust under propagation through the MMF, which acts as a high-dimensional multimode platform for quantum interference.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The classical bound on the magnitude of the nonclassical contrast is 0.5.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    The use of MMF for quantum applications is enhanced by the near-lossless optical propagation along the fiber.

    “Moreover, the use of MMF for quantum applications is enhanced by the near-lossless optical propagation along the fiber.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Propagation in such a complex environment represents a quantum walk because each scattering event redistributes the photons in different optical modes.

    “Propagation in such a complex environment represents a quantum walk because each scattering event redistributes the photons in different optical modes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Coherent wave propagation through a disordered medium results in a speckle pattern arising from the highly complex multiple scattering process.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Strong and complex multimode coupling in the fiber arises from interference between a well-defined number of spatial modes supported by the fiber.

    “Strong and complex multimode coupling in the fiber arises from interference between a well-defined number of spatial modes supported by the fiber.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Multimode fiber provides a platform that delivers a sufficiently large number of coupled modes to demonstrate a new regime of modal capacity for quantum light, yet the number of modes is small enough to enable controllable propagation using techniques developed with classical light.

    “Multimode fiber (MMF) provides a platform that delivers a sufficiently large number of coupled modes (35) to demonstrate a new regime of modal capacity for quantum light, yet the number of modes is small enough to enable controllable propagation using techniques developed with classical light.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [35] Plöschner M., Tyc T., Čižmár T., Seeing through chaos in multimode fibres. Nat. Photonics 9, 529– 535 (2015). source
18 of 18

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The classical bound on the magnitude of the nonclassical contrast is 0.5.

    “the classical bound on the magnitude contrast is 0.5”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Quantum walks and their applications become more complex with additional walkers and cannot be understood using only classical wave propagation.

    “Quantum walks and their applications become more complex with additional walkers and cannot be understood using only classical wave propagation.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Coherent wave propagation through a disordered medium results in a speckle pattern arising from the highly complex multiple scattering process.

    “Coherent wave propagation through a disordered medium results in a speckle pattern arising from the highly complex multiple scattering process.”
3 of 3

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Authors
Defienne, H., Barbieri, M., Walmsley, I. A., Smith, B. J., & Gigan, S.
Affiliations
  • Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
  • Roma Tre University (IT)
  • University of Oxford (GB)
Corresponding author
Defienne, Hugo
ORCID
Venue
Science Advances
Publisher
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Published
2016-01
Volume
2
Issue
1
Pages
e1501054-e1501054
ISSN
2375-2548 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1126/sciadv.1501054
PMC
PMC4846436
OpenAlex
W2297305660
Semantic Scholar
431a80b1badef5f38dbbce794baf9c610c8b9a46
Cited by
168
References
49
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 1
FWCI
15.49
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by-nc
Locations
  • Science Advances (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • Iris (Roma Tre University) (submittedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University)
Funders
  • European Research Council (ID0E55AI4602, 278025)
  • Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (ID0EJDBI4603, EP/E036066/1, ID0EEJBI4604, EP/K034480/1)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Information and Cryptography
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Acoustics and Ultrasonics › Random lasers and scattering media
Keywords
multimode fiber, wavefront shaping, multiphoton interference, quantum interference, quantum simulation, photonic quantum computing
MeSH terms
Models, Theoretical, Quantum Theory, Photons, Optical Fibers

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

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