How Viruses Spread Among Computers and People
Abstract
The spread of diseases in human and other populations can be described in terms of networks, where individuals are represented by nodes and modes of contact by edges. Similar models can be applied to the spread of viruses on the Internet. In their Perspective, Lloyd and May discuss the similarities and differences between the dynamics of computer viruses and infections of human and other populations.
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The spread of computer viruses follows the epidemic nature of their real counterparts.
“their spread was shown to follow the epidemic nature of their real counterparts [311]”
From Fundamental constraints to the logic of living systems (2024) · cites this paper as [311]
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- Authors
- Lloyd, A. L., & May, R. M.
- Affiliations
- Institute for Advanced Study (US)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- ORCID
- Lloyd, Alun L.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2001-05-18
- Volume
- 292
- Issue
- 5520
- Pages
- 1316-1317
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2110919848
- Cited by
- 661
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 43
- FWCI
- 13.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Complex Network Analysis Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Mathematical and Theoretical Epidemiology and Ecology Models
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Opinion Dynamics and Social Influence
- Keywords
- computer viruses, virus transmission, epidemic modeling, contact networks, disease transmission to humans, network models
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Computers, Disease Susceptibility, Humans, Models, Biological, Social Environment, Virus Diseases, Neural Networks, Computer, Virus Physiological Phenomena, Internet
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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