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Insulin Signaling in Health and Disease
Abstract
The signaling pathways used by insulin have been identified [M. White, Insulin Signaling Pathway, Sci. STKE (Connections Map, as seen November 2003), http://stke.sciencemag.org/cgi/cm/cmp_12069]. Now our challenge is to understand how the failure of these signals is associated with obesity and the progressive failure of pancreatic beta cells that leads to diabetes. Whether better management of chronic inflammation can improve insulin action is an important area of investigation. Drugs that stimulate IRS2 (insulin receptor substrate protein 2) synthesis or signaling might be a good starting point. This knowledge will lead to rational strategies that prevent or cure diabetes.
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“Physiologically, IRS-1 is phosphorylated at tyrosine residues by the tyrosine kinase activity of the IR, which activates downstream signaling in the insulin pathway (Araki et al., 1994; White, 2003).”
From The Aβ oligomer hypothesis for synapse failure and memory loss in Alzheimer’s disease (2011) · cites this paper as White, 2003
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Insulin family polymorphisms in pregnancies complicated by small for gestational age infants
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“The model for the native PKA components then is dC3 dt ¼ S2Dc V3 ðC2 C3Þ rh2 2kaC23R3 þ 2kbða3ÞðR3T R3Þ; (6) dC1 dt ¼ S1DN V1 ðC1 C2Þ rh1 ; (7) dR3 dt ¼ kaC23R3 þ kbða3ÞðR3T R3Þ; (8) dR2 dt ¼ kaC22R2 þ kbða2ÞðR2T R2Þ; (9) where RjT is the total concentration of unbound rPKA homodimer (Rj) and PKA holoenzyme (Pj) in th…”
BackgroundNon Linear Modeling of Cell Survival/Death Using Artificial Neural Network
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“The Fig.1 illustrates the system under study linking the three input signaling such as TNF [4] [5], EGF [6] [7] and Insulin [8] [9] [10] and four output signals phosphatidylserine exposure, membrane permeability, nuclear fragmentation and caspase substrate cleavage leading to cell death/ survival…”
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“Then, the phosphorylation of the tyrosine residues of downstream signaling Then, the phosphorylation of the tyrosine residues of downstream signaling proteins (such as insulin receptor substrates) initiating intracellular signal transduction [5] and activating the PI3K - Akt pathway.”
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“6,7 However, in insulin-resistant states, increased levels of free fatty acids, in fl ammatory cytokines, and reactive oxygen species contribute to the serine phosphorylation of IRS1, impairing its ability to activate PI3K/Akt signaling.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- White, M. F.
- Affiliations
- Joslin Diabetes Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- White, Morris F.
- ORCID
- White, Morris F.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2003-12-05
- Volume
- 302
- Issue
- 5651
- Pages
- 1710-1711
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2115177689
- Cited by
- 733
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 50
- FWCI
- 9.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- insulin signaling, insulin resistance, obesity, type 2 diabetes, pancreatic beta-cell failure, chronic inflammation, insulin receptor substrate 2
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Inflammation, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Islets of Langerhans, Models, Biological, Obesity, Phosphoproteins, Phosphorylation, Receptor, Insulin, Somatomedins, Signal Transduction, Cytokines, Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Mice, Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins
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