The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Influence of Social Hierarchy on Primate Health
Abstract
Dominance hierarchies occur in numerous social species, and rank within them can greatly influence the quality of life of an animal. In this review, I consider how rank can also influence physiology and health. I first consider whether it is high- or low-ranking animals that are most stressed in a dominance hierarchy; this turns out to vary as a function of the social organization in different species and populations. I then review how the stressful characteristics of social rank have adverse adrenocortical, cardiovascular, reproductive, immunological, and neurobiological consequences. Finally, I consider how these findings apply to the human realm of health, disease, and socioeconomic status.
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“Maintaining a high-status position within such a fluid social structure requires heightened vigilance towards potential threats, particularly those that might challenge an individual’s social standing [70].”
From Socializing a group of male Asian elephants in a semi-captive facility in Lao PDR (2025) · cites this paper as [70]
Citations
Cites
Sapolsky, R. M., Romero, L. M., & Munck, A. U. (2000) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.21.1.0389 · Cited by 7,541
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Reproduction and Resistance to Stress: When and How
Wingfield, J. C., & Sapolsky, R. (2003) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2826.2003.01033.x · Cited by 1,160
Self-citationIs Income Inequality a Determinant of Population Health? Part 1. A Systematic Review
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Social dominance and stress hormones
Creel, S. (2001) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/s0169-5347(01)02227-3 · Cited by 816
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Research works printed but not linked: 7
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Cited by
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Roberts, B. W., Kuncel, N. R., Shiner, R., Caspi, A., & Goldberg, L. R. (2007) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00047.x · Cited by 2,361
“We chose to use SES as a comparison because it is widely accepted to be one of the most important contributors to a more successful life, including better health and higher occupational attainment (e.g., Adler et al., 1994; Gallo & Mathews, 2003; Galobardes, Lynch, & Smith, 2004; Sapolsky, 2005).”
Method8 Social Hierarchy: The Self‐Reinforcing Nature of Power and Status
Magee, J. C., & Galinsky, A. D. (2008) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/19416520802211628 · Cited by 2,385
Socioeconomic status and the brain: mechanistic insights from human and animal research
Hackman, D. A., Farah, M. J., & Meaney, M. J. (2010) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2897 · Cited by 1,409
Effects of stress on immune function: The good, the bad, and the beautiful
Dhabhar, F. S. (2014) · Immunologic Research · doi:10.1007/s12026-014-8517-0 · Cited by 1,343
Vaughn, M. G., DeLisi, M., & Matto, H. C. (2013) · Human behavior · doi:10.1002/9781394260546.ch8 · Cited by 1,208
Metadata
- Authors
- Sapolsky, R. M.
- Affiliations
- Institute of Primate Research (KE)
- Corresponding author
- Sapolsky, Robert M.
- ORCID
- Sapolsky, Robert M.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2005-04-29
- Volume
- 308
- Issue
- 5722
- Pages
- 648-652
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2165558339
- Cited by
- 2,113
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 82 · 2025: 102 · 2024: 78 · 2023: 145 · 2022: 140 · 2021: 102 · 2020: 98 · 2019: 172 · 2018: 120 · 2017: 106 · 2016: 146 · 2015: 111 · 2014: 112 · 2013: 127 · 2012: 102
- FWCI
- 6.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Keywords
- dominance hierarchy, social rank, primate health, stress, adrenocortical stress response, cardiovascular effects, reproductive effects, immunological effects, neurobiology, socioeconomic status, human health, social organization
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anxiety, Behavior, Animal, Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena, Catecholamines, Dominance-Subordination, Health Status, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Immune System, Nervous System Physiological Phenomena, Primates, Reproduction, Social Behavior, Social Class, Social Dominance, Stress, Physiological
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