The DOI matches its Crossref record; 8 of the 8 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Psychological Consequences of Money
Abstract
Money has been said to change people's motivation (mainly for the better) and their behavior toward others (mainly for the worse). The results of nine experiments suggest that money brings about a self-sufficient orientation in which people prefer to be free of dependency and dependents. Reminders of money, relative to nonmoney reminders, led to reduced requests for help and reduced helpfulness toward others. Relative to participants primed with neutral concepts, participants primed with money preferred to play alone, work alone, and put more physical distance between themselves and a new acquaintance.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“However, money has strong social connotations and, thus, exerts substantial impact on pro-social behavior (Vohs et al., 2006).”
From Differentiating neural reward responsiveness in autism versus ADHD (2014) · cites this paper as Vohs et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“Importantly, however, although monetary reinforcers have predominantly been operationalized and used as non-social stimuli, money is imbued with social connotations and exerts a substantial influence on pro-social behavior [64-66].”
From Social “wanting” dysfunction in autism: neurobiological underpinnings and treatment implications (2012) · cites this paper as [64]
Citations
Cites
Cohen, J. (1992) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.112.1.155 · Cited by 8,771
Srull, T. K., & Wyer, R. S. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.10.1660 · Cited by 1,529
Out of mind but back in sight: Stereotypes on the rebound.
Macrae, C. N., Bodenhausen, G. V., Milne, A. B., & Jetten, J. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.5.808 · Cited by 834
A Longitudinal Study of Marital Problems and Subsequent Divorce
Amato, P. R., & Rogers, S. J. (1997) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/353949 · Cited by 700
Price, R. H., Choi, J. N., & Vinokur, A. D. (2002) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/1076-8998.7.4.302 · Cited by 506
Money as tool, money as drug: The biological psychology of a strong incentive
Lea, S. E. G., & Webley, P. (2006) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x06009046 · Cited by 494
The evolution of one-shot cooperation: An experiment
Frank, R. H., Gilovich, T. D., & Regan, D. T. (1993) · Ethology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1016/0162-3095(93)90020-i · Cited by 347
Schervish, P. G., Furnham, A. F., & Argyle, M. (2001) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2655406 · Cited by 307
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- R. S. Schwab, in Fatigue, W. F. Floyd, A. T. Welford, Eds. (Lewis, London, 1953), pp. 143–48.
- J. M. Twenge R. F. Baumeister C. N. DeWall N. J. Ciarocco J. M. Bartels J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. in press.
- 10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 1,000
Rethinking Moral Agency in Markets: A Book Discussion on Behavioral Economics
McRorie, C. G. (2016) · Journal of Religious Ethics · doi:10.1111/jore.12138 · Cited by 6
When Does Money Priming Affect Helping Behavior?
Aghakhani, H., Akhgari, M., & Main, K. (2018) · Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ) · doi:10.1016/j.ausmj.2018.11.002 · Cited by 6
Pestotnik, A. (2024) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2024.2325562 · Cited by 6
Self-Control in Social Decision Making: A Neurobiological Perspective
Knoch, D., & Nash, K. A. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1236-0_15 · Cited by 6
Neural correlates of time versus money in product evaluation
Lehmann, S. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00372 · Cited by 5
Social Support, Money, and Pain Management Mechanisms: An Attachment Perspective
Creasey, G. L. (2008) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/10478400802592315 · Cited by 6
Not the Last Word: Orthopaedic Surgery Is Lucrative (But Evidently Not Lucrative Enough)
Bernstein, J. M. (2015) · Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research · doi:10.1007/s11999-014-4097-5 · Cited by 6
How Does the Effort Spent to Hold a Door Affect Verbal Thanks and Reciprocal Help?
Fox, G. R., Araujo, H. F., Metke, M., Shafer, C., & Damásio, A. R. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01737 · Cited by 6
How Incidental Confidence Influences Self‐Interested Behaviors: A Double‐Edged Sword
Tsai, C. I., & Xie, J. L. (2017) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.2032 · Cited by 6
Crawford, J. T., Fournier, A., & Ruscio, J. (2017) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550617740941 · Cited by 6
A Theoretical Framework for Teacher Incentives: Monetary, Social and Vision-Based
Mallah, F. (2018) · Journal of Education and Learning · doi:10.5539/jel.v8n1p29 · Cited by 6
The Psychological Perspective in Financial Behaviour
Maison, D. A. (2019) · International series on consumer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-10570-9_1 · Cited by 7
The misdirection of bankers’ moral compass in the organizational field of banking
van Staveren, I. (2019) · Cambridge Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/cje/bez052 · Cited by 7
Garrity, E. J. (2020) · Systems · doi:10.3390/systems8010007 · Cited by 6
Money priming and children’s self-evaluations
Trzcińska, A. M. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-00736-x · Cited by 6
PAYING FOR LEGITIMACY? THE SIGNALLING EFFECT OF MONETARY REWARDS IN INNOVATION CONTESTS
Ihl, C., & Vossen, A. (2020) · International Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.1142/s1363919621500444 · Cited by 6
Yue, T., Huang, X., Yue, C., Xue, L., & Fu, A. (2021) · Acta Psychologica Sinica · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1041.2021.00651 · Cited by 6
Lin, C.-W. W., & Desai, K. K. (2022) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21672 · Cited by 7
Co-creating Through Win and Quick: the Role of Type of Contest and Constraints on Creativity
Cardamone, E., Marozzo, V., Miceli, G. “., & Raimondo, M. A. (2022) · Journal of the Knowledge Economy · doi:10.1007/s13132-022-01070-2 · Cited by 7
Reflecting on Practice: An interview with Nigel Laurie
Tsahuridu, E. (2022) · Philosophy of Management · doi:10.1007/s40926-022-00221-4 · Cited by 6
Shame for money: Shame enhances the incentive value of economic resources – Retracted
Wang, C., Cheng, Y., Chiou, W., & Kung, C. (2012) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500001856 · Cited by 6
Reutner, L., & Greifeneder, R. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2017.09.014 · Cited by 6
Narcissism and the Economic Environment
Bianchi, E. C. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_17 · Cited by 6
Emotional Reactions to Law and Economics, Market Metaphors, and Rationality Rhetoric
Huang, P. H. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511575488.011 · Cited by 6
Fiedler, K., & Hütter, M. (2014) · Cited by 6
The Easterlin Paradox and the Decline of Social Capital: An Integrated ExplanationPreprint
Pugno, M. (2008) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1132085 · Cited by 6
Money Priming and Social Behavior of Natural Groups in Simple Bargaining and Dilemma ExperimentsPreprint
Michailova, J., & BBhren, C. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2993167 · Cited by 6
Using novel methods to examine the role of mimicry in trust and rapport
Hale, J. (2017) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 6
Towards a Theory of the Social Determination of Behavior
Hoff, K., & Stiglitz, J. E. (2015) · The World Bank Open Knowledge Repository (World Bank) · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-7537 · Cited by 1
Pro-environmental Behavior and Morality: An Economic Model with Heterogeneous PreferencesPreprint
Ayoubi, C., & Thurm, B. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.31219/osf.io/w8afg · Cited by 6
Münscher, R. (2024) · Management Decision · doi:10.1108/md-06-2023-1091 · Cited by 6
A New Aspect of Incentives in Research
Frey, B. S., & Neckermann, S. (2008) · Cited by 5
The Influence of Money-related Metaphors on Financial Anxiety and Spending
Kersten, M., Cox, C. R., Enkevort, E. A. V., & Arrowood, R. B. (2019) · Metaphor and Symbol · doi:10.1080/10926488.2019.1683957 · Cited by 5
Tunney, R. J., & Raybould, J. N. (2022) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218221097047 · Cited by 5
I will help you survive but not thrive: Helping decisions in situations that empower women
Bareket, O., Ein‐Gar, D., & Kogut, T. (2022) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302221108437 · Cited by 5
Miraucourt, D., Caruana, S., & Mollaret, P. (2022) · International Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.5334/irsp.692 · Cited by 5
Su, J., Ke, D., Luo, X. R., & Bai, X. (2024) · Electronic Commerce Research · doi:10.1007/s10660-024-09819-4 · Cited by 5
Stimulus Control: The Sought or Unsought Influence of the Objects We Tend To
Bargh, J. A., Zarolia, P., Larson, L. R. L., & Morsella, E. (2011) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 5
van den Bos, K., Lind, E. A., Bommelé, J., & VandeVondele, S. D. J. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00837 · Cited by 5
Students' and teachers' perspectives on wellbeing in a senior secondary environment
Soutter, A. K., & Gilmore, A. M. (2012) · Cited by 5
Fair Resource Allocation and Metascheduling in Grid with VO Stakeholders Preferences
Toporkov, V. V., Yemelyanov, D., Bobchenkov, A., & Potekhin, P. (2016) · International Conference on Parallel Processing Workshops (ICPPW) · doi:10.1109/icppw.2016.59 · Cited by 5
Sorokowski, P., Oleszkiewicz, A., Niemczyk, A., Marczak, M., Huanca, T., Velasco, E. C., & Sorokowska, A. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00554 · Cited by 5
Albarracín, D., & Dai, W. (2021) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2021.1889319 · Cited by 5
Kim, M. J., Huang, Y., & Chen, H. A. (2021) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/ijcs.12692 · Cited by 5
A Taxonomy of Major Premises and Implications for Falsification and Verification
Trafimow, D. (2020) · International Studies in the Philosophy of Science · doi:10.1080/02698595.2021.1964845 · Cited by 5
Ruwan, H. E., Bin, L. I., ZHANG, S., Xinyue, C. U. I., & Li, L. E. I. (2021) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2021.01684 · Cited by 5
The Effect of Ostracism on Adults’ Materialism: The Roles of Security and Self-Construal
Feng, J., Wang, Y., Ji, Z., & Zhang, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.796924 · Cited by 5
Somtawinpongsai, C., Hamid, A. B. A., Raza, M., Sawangchai, A., & Cavaliere, L. P. L. (2022) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1877-636120220000029005 · Cited by 5
Typical diet and type of economy do not predict food-sharing behaviors in three Tanzanian societies
Sorokowska, A., Kowal, M., Misiak, M., Butovskaya, M., & Sorokowski, P. (2022) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2022.106414 · Cited by 5
Do Happy Teenagers Become Good Citizens? Positive Affect Builds Prosocial Perspectives and Behaviors
신지은, Koo, J., 최혜원, & Suh, E. M. (2013) · 한국심리학회지 사회및성격 · doi:10.21193/kjspp.2013.27.3.001 · Cited by 6
He, W. (2019) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00219-8 · Cited by 5
Baseline testosterone moderates the effect of money exposure on charitable giving intent
Dinsmore, J. B., Stenstrom, E. P., & Kunstman, J. W. (2020) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21368 · Cited by 5
Humans tend to share food more generously than money and other objects: Preliminary evidence
Sorokowska, A., Marczak, M., Misiak, M., Oleszkiewicz, A., Niemczyk, A., Wróbel, M., & Sorokowski, P. (2021) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2747 · Cited by 5
Care and anger motives in social dilemmas
Ring, P., Schütt, C. A., & Snower, D. J. (2023) · Theory and Decision · doi:10.1007/s11238-022-09921-9 · Cited by 5
Relatedness Need Satisfaction in Senior Executives
Mueller, M. B. (2012) · USC Research Bank (University of the Sunshine Coast) · doi:10.25907/00609 · Cited by 5
Charitable giving: How ego-threats impact donations of time and money
Duclos, R., Bettman, J., Bloom, P., & Zauberman, G. S. (2007) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e722292011-010 · Cited by 4
Hajdu, T. (2016) · CUB Ph.D. Dissertations (Corvinus University of Budapest) · doi:10.14267/phd.2016001 · Cited by 5
Tanner, C., Schmocker, D., Katsarov, J. W., & Christen, M. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3838222 · Cited by 5
Is ChatGPT Humanly Irrational?Preprint
Ma, D., Zhang, T., & Saunders, M. A. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3220513/v1 · Cited by 7
A Train Wreck by Any Other Name
Harris, C., Rohrer, D., & Pashler, H. (2021) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2021.1889317 · Cited by 4
Zheng, M., Li, H., Mo, L., & Wang, X. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15040430 · Cited by 6
Looking a gift horse in the mouth: Suspicion of large gift expenditures undermines gift appreciation
Mutluoglu, A., Ashworth, L., & Robitaille, N. (2024) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21983 · Cited by 4
Motivation in Business Survey Response Behavior. Influencing motivation to improve survey outcome
van Grinsven, V. T., Bavdaz, M., Bolko, I., Hox, J., Snijkers, G., Giesen, D., Lorenc, B., & Seljak, R. (2015) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.18293.04324 · Cited by 4
Death Anxiety Among Urban Middle Class: The Predictive Role of Income and Symbolic Money Attitudes
Astriti, N.-E., & Prodromitis, G. (2024) · Journal of Humanistic Psychology · doi:10.1177/00221678241227989 · Cited by 5
Iyer, P., Nikolov, A. N., Stewart, G. T., Srivastava, R. V., & Tang, T. L. (2024) · Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing · doi:10.1108/jbim-02-2023-0069 · Cited by 13
The role of motivational orientations in formal and informal control
Korsgaard, M. A., Meglino, B. M., & Jeong, S. S. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511777899.009 · Cited by 4
Barone, M. J., & Winterich, K. P. (2015) · Customer Needs and Solutions · doi:10.1007/s40547-015-0058-8 · Cited by 4
Design for Community: Toward a Communitarian Ergonomics
Dotson, T. (2013) · Philosophy & Technology · doi:10.1007/s13347-013-0100-4 · Cited by 4
Social Information “Nudges”: An Experiment with Multiple Group References
Heap, S. H., Ramalingam, A., & Arjona, D. R. (2017) · Southern Economic Journal · doi:10.1002/soej.12210 · Cited by 4
Herrmann‐Pillath, C. (2018) · Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und Unternehmensethik · doi:10.5771/1439-880x-2018-2-244 · Cited by 4
Banking, Unbanking, and New Banking
Maison, D. A. (2019) · International series on consumer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-10570-9_6 · Cited by 4
Homo Economicus Under Multiple Pressures
Mäki, U. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-9395-6_18 · Cited by 4
Wu, Q., Zhang, Y., He, W., & Cui, L. (2022) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111484 · Cited by 4
Gąsiorowska, A., & Zaleśkiewicz, T. (2022) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2022.2037998 · Cited by 4
The Influence of Affective Priming on the Affective Response During Exercise: A Replication Study
Timme, S., Hutchinson, J., Regorius, A., & Brand, R. (2022) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.2022-0025 · Cited by 4
Financial scarcity and caloric intake: It is not always about motivation
Pfeiffer, B. E., Deval, H., & Kardes, F. R. (2022) · Journal of Consumer Behaviour · doi:10.1002/cb.2097 · Cited by 4
Greed and fear: Competitive and charitable priming in a threshold volunteer's dilemma
Mago, S. D., & Pate, J. (2022) · Economic Inquiry · doi:10.1111/ecin.13117 · Cited by 4
Nkomo, E. (2022) · Acta Commercii · doi:10.4102/ac.v22i1.1033 · Cited by 4
Shaw, J. D. (2017) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781473914957.n9 · Cited by 4
Who Is More Useful? The Impact of Performance Incentives on Work and Personal Relationships
Whillans, A. V., Lee-Yoon, A. J., & Hur, J. D. (2018) · Cited by 4
Crowding Out Morality: How the Ideology of Self-Interest Can Be Self-Fulfilling
Schwartz, B. N. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199737512.003.0005 · Cited by 4
Mukherjee, S., Nargundkar, M., & Manjaly, J. A. (2014) · Psychological Studies · doi:10.1007/s12646-014-0259-5 · Cited by 4
Effects of a Management–Labor Context and Team Play on Ultimatum Game Outcomes
Arkes, H. R., Kagel, J. H., & Mezhvinsky, D. (2017) · Southern Economic Journal · doi:10.1002/soej.12187 · Cited by 4
The impact of markets on moral reasoning: Evidence from an online experiment
Gehrlein, J., Crede, A., & Adrian, N. (2020) · Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics · doi:10.1016/j.socec.2020.101577 · Cited by 4
Stage 2 Registered Report: How subtle linguistic cues prevent unethical behaviors
Guo, W. J., Liu, H., Yang, J., Mo, Y., Zhong, C., & Yamada, Y. (2020) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.25573.1 · Cited by 4
Striving for Balance in Economics: Towards a Theory of The Social Determination of Behavior
Hoff, K., & Stiglitz, J. E. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1596/24253 · Cited by 4
Motivation und motivationsnahe Phänomene im Kontext wirtschaftlichen Handelns
Hohenberger, C., & Spörrle, M. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-18957-4_4 · Cited by 4
Promises and Lies: Can Observers Detect DeceptionPreprint
Chen, J. (., & Houser, D. E. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2280211 · Cited by 4
The Effect of Group Identity on Sabotage Induced by Relative Performance Information
Liu, W. (2017) · UWSpace (University of Waterloo) · Cited by 4
Effects of Nature Exposure and Nature Relatedness On Goals: Implications For Materialism
Dopko, R. L. (2017) · Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) · doi:10.22215/etd/2017-12071 · Cited by 4
Economic Evaluation: The Effect of Money and Economics on Attitudes About VolunteeringPreprint
Pfeffer, J., & DeVoe, S. E. (2008) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1245262 · Cited by 4
Priming in EconomicsPreprint
Cohn, A. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2775289 · Cited by 4
Countercyclical Social ResponsibilityPreprint
Mahmoud, O., & Meyer, J. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3774995 · Cited by 4
A Continuation of the Happiness Success Story: Does Happiness Impact Service Quality?
Hellén, K. (2010) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja · Cited by 4
“Privileged adult”: How relationship with parents influences adult's status consumption
Huang, Y., Zhou, K., Yang, Y., & Xu, M. (2024) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.13005 · Cited by 3
Is the devil dressed in greed? Toward a peaceful, just, and sustainable world order
Bhikharie, R. I. (2024) · Cogent Social Sciences · doi:10.1080/23311886.2024.2338611 · Cited by 3
The psychology of unethical behaviour in the finance industry
Pitesa, M. (2015) · Cited by 3
Research Progress on the Influence of Materialism and Its Interventions
Fu, S., & Liu, Y. (2019) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2019.103025 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Vohs, K. D., Mead, N. L., & Goode, M. R.
- Affiliations
- Florida State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Vohs, Kathleen D.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2006-11-17
- Volume
- 314
- Issue
- 5802
- Pages
- 1154-1156
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W1965689506
- Cited by
- 1,337
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 59 · 2024: 59 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 82 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 107 · 2018: 89 · 2017: 89 · 2016: 110 · 2015: 83 · 2014: 90 · 2013: 73 · 2012: 73
- FWCI
- 40.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- money, self-sufficiency, dependency, social distance, priming, motivation, social behavior
- MeSH terms
- Behavior, Economics, Humans, Individuation, Interpersonal Relations, Motivation, Psychological Tests
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review