The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Challenges in Metal Recycling
Abstract
Metals are infinitely recyclable in principle, but in practice, recycling is often inefficient or essentially nonexistent because of limits imposed by social behavior, product design, recycling technologies, and the thermodynamics of separation. We review these topics, distinguishing among common, specialty, and precious metals. The most beneficial actions that could improve recycling rates are increased collection rates of discarded products, improved design for recycling, and the enhanced deployment of modern recycling methodology. As a global society, we are currently far away from a closed-loop material system. Much improvement is possible, but limitations of many kinds—not all of them technological—will preclude complete closure of the materials cycle.
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Citations
Cites
What Do We Know About Metal Recycling Rates?
Graedel, T. E., Allwood, J., Birat, J.-P., Buchert, M., Hagelüken, C., Reck, B. K., Sibley, S. F., & Sonnemann, G. (2011) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2011.00342.x · Cited by 43
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Cited by
Recycling of rare earths: a critical review
Binnemans, K., Jones, P. T., Blanpain, B., Van Gerven, T., Yang, Y., Walton, A., & Buchert, M. (2013) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.12.037 · Cited by 2,382
Buildings as a global carbon sink
Churkina, G., Organschi, A., Reyer, C. P. O., Ruff, A., Vinke, K., Liu, Z., Reck, B. K., Graedel, T. E., & Schellnhuber, H. J. (2020) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-019-0462-4 · Cited by 1,045
Self-citationToward sustainable and systematic recycling of spent rechargeable batteries
Zhang, X., Li, L., Fan, E., Xue, Q., Bian, Y., Wu, F., & Chen, R. (2018) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/c8cs00297e · Cited by 1,038
Future material demand for automotive lithium-based batteries
Xu, C., Dai, Q., Gaines, L., Hu, M., Tukker, A., & Steubing, B. (2020) · Communications Materials · doi:10.1038/s43246-020-00095-x · Cited by 898
Criticality of metals and metalloids
Graedel, T. E., Harper, E. M., Nassar, N. T., Nuss, P., & Reck, B. K. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1500415112 · Cited by 759
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Metadata
- Authors
- Reck, B. K., & Graedel, T. E.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2012-08-10
- Volume
- 337
- Issue
- 6095
- Pages
- 690-695
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2061216116
- Cited by
- 852
- References
- 1
- FWCI
- 63.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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