Visual Detection of Line Segments: An Object-Superiority Effect

Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat’s visual cortex

Hubel, D. H., & Wiesel, T. N. (1962) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1962.sp006837 · Cited by 13,680

New Tables for Multiple Comparisons with a Control

Dunnett, C. W. (1964) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2528490 · Cited by 3,105

Single Units and Sensation: A Neuron Doctrine for Perceptual Psychology?

Barlow, H. B. (1972) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p010371 · Cited by 1,714

Perceptual recognition as a function of meaningfulness of stimulus material

Reicher, G. M. (1969) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0027768 · Cited by 1,252

Processes in word recognition

Wheeler, D. D. (1970) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(70)90005-8 · Cited by 746

Perceiving Real-World Scenes

Biederman, I. (1972) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.177.4043.77 · Cited by 683

An analysis of the word-superiority effect

Baron, J., & Thurston, I. (1973) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(73)90012-1 · Cited by 353

Perception of Letters in Words: Seek Not and Ye Shall Find

Johnston, J. C., & McClelland, J. L. (1974) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.184.4142.1192 · Cited by 158

Visual factors in word perception

Johnston, J. C., & McClelland, J. L. (1973) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03212406 · Cited by 125

Why words are perceived more accurately than nonwords: Inference versus unitization.

Smith, E. E., & Haviland, S. E. (1972) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0032146 · Cited by 61

Influence of Global Structure on Musical Target Detection and Recognition

Tillmann, B., & Bigand, E. (1998) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/002075998400493 · Cited by 28

Figure–Ground Organization and the Spatial and Temporal Responses of the Visual System

Weisstein, N., & Wong, E. (1986) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-631402-1.50007-7 · Cited by 28

The effects of eye and face inversion on the early stages of gaze direction perception—An ERP study

Doi, H., Sawada, R., & Masataka, N. (2007) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2007.08.073 · Cited by 25

Conflicting Figure-Ground and Depth Information Reduces Moving Phantom Visibility

Brown, J. M., & Weisstein, N. (1991) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p200155 · Cited by 25

A test of the generality of the word-context effect

Schendel, J. D., & Shaw, P. (1976) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03199397 · Cited by 25

Automatic frame-centered object representation and integration revealed by iconic memory, visual priming, and backward masking

Lin, Z., & He, S. (2012) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/12.11.24 · Cited by 24

Attention to detail?

Young, M. P., Paterson, I. R., & Perrett, D. I. (1989) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00057022 · Cited by 23

The object-detection effect: Configuration enhances perception

Purcell, D. G., & Stewart, A. L. (1991) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03206744 · Cited by 23

The word without the tachistoscope

Prinzmetal, W., & Silvers, B. (1994) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03207601 · Cited by 23

A replication of the face-superiority effect

van Santen, J. P. H., & Jonides, J. (1978) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03329713 · Cited by 25

Visual detection of line segments: Two exceptions to the object superiority effect

Klein, R. M. (1978) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03206094 · Cited by 23

Differential effects of visual context on pattern discrimination by pigeons (Columba livia) and humans (Homo sapiens).

Kelly, D. M., & Cook, R. G. (2003) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/0735-7036.117.2.200 · Cited by 22

The role of graphics in training documents: toward an explanatory theory of how they communicate

Winn, W. D. (1989) · IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication · doi:10.1109/47.44544 · Cited by 21

A contextual effect in feature detection with application of signal detection methodology

Womersley, M. (1977) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03199474 · Cited by 22

Gestalt grouping via closure degrades suprathreshold depth percepts

Deas, L. M., & Wilcox, L. M. (2014) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/14.9.14 · Cited by 21

How we learn about things we don't already understand

Landy, D. H., & Goldstone, R. L. (2005) · Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1080/09528130500283832 · Cited by 21

Sensory and Perceptual Processing in Reading Disability

Williams, M. C., & Lovegrove, W. J. (1992) · Advances in psychology · doi:10.1016/s0166-4115(08)61355-2 · Cited by 21

A phantom context effect: Visual phantoms enhance target visibility

Brown, J. M., & Weisstein, N. (1988) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03208973 · Cited by 21

The mental representation of faces: Spatial and temporal factors

Davidoff, J. B. (1986) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03208198 · Cited by 21

Emergent features in the crowding zone: When target–flanker grouping surmounts crowding

Melnik, N., Coates, D. R., & Sayim, B. (2018) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/18.9.19 · Cited by 20

The effect of perceived depth and connectedness on metacontrast functions

Williams, M. C., & Weisstein, N. (1984) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(84)90182-2 · Cited by 20

Emergent features break the rules of crowding

Melnik, N., Coates, D. R., & Sayim, B. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-57277-y · Cited by 20

Depth Perception of Surfaces in Pictures: Looking for Conventions of Depiction in Pandora's Box

Berbaum, K. S., Tharp, D. A., & Mroczek, K. J. (1983) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p120005 · Cited by 19

Spatial frequency response and perceived depth in the time-course of object superiority

Williams, M. C., & Weisstein, N. (1981) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(81)90071-7 · Cited by 19

General purpose models: expectations about the unexpected

Zucker, S. W., Rosenfeld, A., & Davis, L. S. (1975) · Cited by 19

Visual Perception of Objects

Palmer, S. E. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471264385.wei0407 · Cited by 20

The object-line inferiority effect in pigeons

Donis, F. J., & Heinemann, E. G. (1993) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03211720 · Cited by 18

VSearch Color: Full-color visual search experiments on the Macintosh II

Enns, J. T., & Rensink, R. A. (1991) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03203376 · Cited by 17

Perceptual versus postperceptual mediation of visual context effects: Evidence from the letter-superiority effect

Reingold, E. M., & Jolicœur, P. (1993) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03211727 · Cited by 17

Auditory and Phonetic Coding of Speech

Sawusch, J. R. (1986) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-631403-8.50007-2 · Cited by 17

The line-in-object superiority effect in perception: It depends on where you fix your eyes and what is located at the point of fixation

Earhard, B. (1980) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03204310 · Cited by 16

Unitization, similarity, and overt attention in categorization and exposure

Welham, A., & Wills, A. J. (2011) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-011-0124-x · Cited by 15

Impaired face recognition does not preclude intact whole face perception

Rouw, R., & de Gelder, B. (2002) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506280143000223 · Cited by 15

Filters Versus Textons in Human and Machine Texture Discrimination

Williams, D. W., & Julesz, B. (1992) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-741251-1.50014-x · Cited by 15

SCHEMES AND THEORIES OF PATTERN RECOGNITION

Reed, S. K. (1978) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-161909-1.50010-4 · Cited by 15

Die Hypothese begrenzter Kapazität und die Funktionen der Aufmerksamkeit

Neumann, O. (1985) · Lehr- und Forschungstexte Psychologie · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-70747-6_6 · Cited by 15

Memory for objects and parts

Ankrum, C., & Palmer, J. C. (1991) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03212215 · Cited by 14

Collinear contextual suppression

Herzog, M. H., Schmonsees, U., & Fahle, M. W. (2003) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2003.07.004 · Cited by 14

Three-dimensionality and discriminability in the object-superiority effect

Enns, J. T., & Gllani, A. B. (1988) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03206293 · Cited by 14

Perception of emergent configurations in humans (Homo sapiens) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).

Goto, K., Imura, T., & Tomonaga, M. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes · doi:10.1037/a0026899 · Cited by 13

Processing global and local features in convolutional neural network (CNN) and primate visual systems

Huang, J., Chen, T., Zhou, W., Zheng, Y., & Ou, Y. (2018) · Mobile Multimedia/Image Processing, Security, and Applications · doi:10.1117/12.2305421 · Cited by 13

Multidimensional feature interactions in visual crowding: When configural cues eliminate the polarity advantage

Rummens, K., & Sayim, B. (2022) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/jov.22.6.2 · Cited by 13

A demonstration of shape constancy

Lappin, J. S., & Preble, L. D. (1975) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03203290 · Cited by 13

Emergent features: A new factor in the object-superiority effect?

Lanze, M., Maguire, W., & Weisstein, N. (1985) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03207174 · Cited by 14

From an object-superiority effect to an object-inferiority effect with movement of the fixation point

Earhard, B., & Armitage, R. (1980) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03204397 · Cited by 13

Long-term memory representations influence perception before edges are assigned to objects.

Kahan, T. A., & Enns, J. T. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0033723 · Cited by 12

Rapid Processing of a Global Feature in the ON Visual Pathways of Behaving Monkeys

Huang, J., Yang, Y. T., Zhou, K., Zhao, X., Zhou, Q., Zhu, H., Yang, Y., Zhang, C., Zhou, Y., & Zhou, W. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2017.00474 · Cited by 12

Color in document design

Winn, W. D. (1991) · IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication · doi:10.1109/47.84112 · Cited by 12

CNN classification based on global and local features

Zheng, Y., Huang, J., Chen, T., Ou, Y., & Zhou, W. (2019) · Real-Time Image Processing and Deep Learning · doi:10.1117/12.2519660 · Cited by 10

Timing of contextual modulation in the shine-through effect

Herzog, M. H., Schmonsees, U., & Fahle, M. W. (2003) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(03)00313-4 · Cited by 10

Is object recognition automatic?

Dell’Acqua, R., & Job, R. (1998) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03208828 · Cited by 10

The association of assimilation and an increase in visibility in perceptual grouping

King, D. L., Phillips, W., & Mose, J. F. (1995) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/bf00571097 · Cited by 10

The letter height superiority illusion

New, B., Doré-Mazars, K., Cavézian, C., Pallier, C., & Barra, J. (2015) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-014-0753-8 · Cited by 10

Contrast versus identity encoding in the face image follow distinct orientation selectivity profiles

Jacobs, C., Petras, K., Moors, P., & Goffaux, V. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0229185 · Cited by 8

Cognitive engineering, cognitive augmentation, and information display

Patterson, R. E. (2012) · Journal of the Society for Information Display · doi:10.1889/jsid20.4.208 · Cited by 8

Pandemonium and Visual Search

Henderson, L. (1978) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p070097 · Cited by 9

Context-produced increase in visibility

King, D. L., Hicks, H., & Brown, P. D. (1993) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/bf00419888 · Cited by 9

An “outside-in” processing strategy in the perception of form

Earhard, B., & Walker, H. (1985) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03207152 · Cited by 10

A Computer Vision Model Based on Psychophysical Experiments

Walters, D. (1986) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-631402-1.50009-0 · Cited by 9

Visual working memory for connected 3D objects: effects of stimulus complexity, dimensionality and connectivity

He, C., Gunalp, P., Meyerhoff, H. S., Rathbun, Z., Stieff, M., Franconeri, S., & Hegarty, M. (2022) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-022-00367-9 · Cited by 9

Influencesicture context on object recognition

Antes, J. R., & Metzger, R. L. (1980) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(80)90072-4 · Cited by 8

One line decreases the visibility of a simultaneous identical distant second line

King, D. L., Mose, J. F., & Nixon, N. S. (1995) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03213063 · Cited by 8

Is Thagard's theory of explanatory coherence the new logical positivism?

Dietrich, E. (1989) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00073751 · Cited by 8

Switching binding states

Herzog, M. H., Christof Koch, A., & Fahle, M. W. (2001) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506280143000160 · Cited by 8

An attentional hierarchy

Sandon, P. A. (1989) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00056983 · Cited by 7

Form Properties of Moving Targets Bias Smooth Pursuit Target Selection in Monkeys

Dou, H., Wang, H., Liu, S., Huang, J., Liu, Z., Zhou, T., & Yang, Y. T. (2023) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-023-01022-z · Cited by 8

How Local Cortical Processors that Maximize Coherent Variation could lay Foundations for Representation Proper

Phillips, W. A., Kay, J., & Smyth, D. (1995) · Workshops in computing · doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-3579-1_10 · Cited by 7

Context effects in visual pattern recognition by pigeons

Donis, F. J., Heinemann, E. G., & Chase, S. (1994) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03211682 · Cited by 7

The box alignment illusion: An orientation illusion induced by pictorial depth

Enns, J. T., & Coren, S. (1995) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03208372 · Cited by 6

Testing dynamical models of vision

Rüter, J., Francis, G., Frehe, P., & Herzog, M. H. (2010) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2010.11.013 · Cited by 6

The word-superiority effect under conditions that approximate reading

Williams, M. C., Gaffney, J. B., & Solman, R. T. (1985) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/0093-934x(85)90127-0 · Cited by 6

Perceived Symmetry and Visual Matching

Hershenson, M., & Ryder, J. M. (1982) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1422192 · Cited by 6

Two effects of context of the presence/absence of connecting segments

King, D. L., & Thomas, J. (1993) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03205197 · Cited by 6

A dotted line assimilates in visibility to a solid line

King, D. L., Robinson, E. L., & Roberts, T. R. (1996) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/bf00419830 · Cited by 6

A Study of the Effect of Structural Information and Familiarity in Form Perception

Boucart, M., & Bonnet, C. (1991) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/14640749108400968 · Cited by 6

Attentional prioritization to contextually new objects

Ogawa, H., & Kumada, T. (2006) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03193883 · Cited by 5

How We Look at Photographs as Indicated by Contrast Discrimination Performance Versus Contrast Preference

Gershoni, S., & Kobayashi, H. (2006) · Journal of Imaging Science and Technology · doi:10.2352/j.imagingsci.technol.(2006)50:4(320 · Cited by 5

The whole is equal to the sum of its parts: Pigeons (Columba livia) and crows (Corvus macrorhynchos) do not perceive emergent configurations

Goto, K., & Watanabe, S. (2020) · Learning & Behavior · doi:10.3758/s13420-020-00413-w · Cited by 5

Visual scanning of line segments: Object superiority and its reversal

Widmayer, M., & Purcell, D. G. (1982) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03330280 · Cited by 5

Features and locations: Dichotomy or continuum?

Krueger, L. E., & Stadtlander, L. M. (1989) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00056909 · Cited by 5

Action-specific feature processing in the human visual cortexPreprint

Monaco, S., Chen, Y., Menghi, N., & Crawford, J. D. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/420760 · Cited by 5

A Comparative Approach to Testing Face Perception: Face and object identification by adults in a simultaneous matching task

de Gelder, B., & Bertelson, P. (2009) · Psychologica Belgica · doi:10.5334/pb-49-2-3-177 · Cited by 4

The Kanizsa square does not engender a configural superiority effect

Dresp, B. (1993) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03337319 · Cited by 4

Transfer of Learning in the Convolutional Neural Networks on Classifying Geometric Shapes Based on Local or Global Invariants

Zheng, Y., Huang, J., Chen, T., Ou, Y., & Zhou, W. (2021) · Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncom.2021.637144 · Cited by 4

Cooperative Parallel Processing in Depth, Motion and Texture Perception

Williams, D. W. (1992) · Advances in psychology · doi:10.1016/s0166-4115(08)61353-9 · Cited by 4

Only stimulus energy affects the detectability of visual forms and objects

Boucart, M., & Bonnet, C. (1990) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03334054 · Cited by 3

Figure embeddedness depends on contour orientation

Appelle, S. (1976) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03199394 · Cited by 4

The object-superiority effect by threshold assessment

Purcell, D. G., Stewart, A. L., & Giacoletti, A. M. (1993) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03334933 · Cited by 4

Parallel processing: Giving up without a fight

Duncan, J. (1989) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00056855 · Cited by 3

Contour effects in figure perception

Wandmacher, J. (1981) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/bf00309221 · Cited by 3

Constraining tag-assignment from above and below

Dawson, M. R. W. (1989) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00056843 · Cited by 3

Spatial summation of face information

Tyler, C. W., & Chen, C. (2000) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.387183 · Cited by 2

A nonspatial solution to a spatial problem

Lesperance, R. M., & Kaplan, S. (1989) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00056922 · Cited by 2

A Word-Superiority Effect in the Presence of Foveal Load

Salvemini, A. V., Stewart, A. L., Purcell, D. G., & Pinkham, R. S. (1998) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1998.86.3c.1311 · Cited by 2

From Visual Structure to Perceptual Function

Maguire, W., Weisstein, N., & Klymenko, V. (1990) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-3406-7_9 · Cited by 2

[Global and local processing in vision: perspectives from comparative cognition].

Goto, K. (2009) · The Japanese Journal of Psychology · doi:10.4992/jjpsy.80.352 · Cited by 2

A self-organizing perceptual system

Levenick, J. R. (1989) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00056934 · Cited by 2

Simultaneous processing of features may not be possible

PARKER, D. M. (1989) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00056958 · Cited by 2

Damn the (behavioral) data, full steam ahead

Prinzmetal, W., & Ivry, R. B. (1989) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00056971 · Cited by 2

Fundamental design limitations in tag assignment

Müller, H. J., Humphreys, G. W., Quinlan, P. T., & Donnelly, N. (1989) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00056946 · Cited by 2

Line segments are perceived better in a coherent context than alone: an object-line effect in visual perception

Williams, A., & Weisstein, N. (1978) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03197432 · Cited by 82

Visual detection of line segments: Two exceptions to the object superiority effect

Klein, R. M. (1978) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03206094 · Cited by 23

A New Perceptual Context-Superiority Effect: Line Segments Are More Visible Against a Figure Than Against a Ground

Wong, E., & Weisstein, N. (1982) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7123261 · Cited by 69

Line-In-Object Superiority Effect in Perception

Earhard, B. (1979)

Short-term visual and conceptual priming with line drawings of everyday objects

Ons, B., Winter, J. D., & Wagemans, J. P. (2003) · Perception