Perceptual recognition as a function of meaningfulness of stimulus material
Abstract
The present study evaluates a class of models of human information processing made popular by Broadbent. A brief tachistoscopic display of one or two single letters, four-letter common words, or four-letter nonwords was immediately followed by a masking field along with two single-letter response alternatives chosen so as to minimize informational differences among the tasks. Giving 5s response alternatives before the stimulus display as well as after it caused an impairment of performance. Performance on single words was clearly better than performance on single letters. The data suggest that the first stages of information processing are done in parallel, but scanning of the resultant highly processed information is done serially.
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Letters are perceived more accurately when presented as part of a word than in isolation (the Word superiority effect).
“Thus, letters are also perceived more accurately when presented as part of a word than when presented in isolation, i.e. the Word superiority effect, (e.g. Reicher, 1969; Wheeler, 1970).”
From Human- versus Artificial Intelligence (2021) · cites this paper as Reicher, 1969
A single target letter is identified more efficiently in the context of a well-structured word than within a randomly structured letter string or a letter in isolation (word superiority effect).
“Furthermore, the 'word superiority effect' demonstrates that a single target letter is identified more efficiently in the context of a well-structured word than within a randomly structured letter string or a letter in isolation [3].”
From The visual word form area: expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus (2003) · cites this paper as [3]
The perceptual mechanisms that support word recognition rest on a critical process that groups the letters of a word together into an integrated perceptual unit (a 'visual word form').
“Several lines of cognitive evidence indicate that the perceptual mechanisms that support word recognition rest on a critical process that groups the letters of a word together into an integrated perceptual unit (i.e. a 'visual word form').”
From The visual word form area: expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus (2003) · cites this paper as [3]
The word superiority effect is the fact that when asked to detect the presence of a letter, subjects typically show superior performance when the letter is embedded in a visual string that respects the structure of the learned language than when it is embedded in a random string.
“The word superiority effect is the fact that when asked to detect the presence of a letter, subjects typically show superior performance when the letter is embedded in a visual string that respects the structure of the learned language than when it is embedded in a random string.”
From Specialization within the ventral stream: the case for the visual word form area (2004) · cites this paper as Reicher, 1969
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- Authors
- Reicher, G. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Oregon (US)
- Corresponding author
- Reicher, Gerald M.
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology
- Published
- 1969
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 275-280
- ISSN
- 0022-1015 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2147637089
- Cited by
- 1,252
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 43
- FWCI
- 13.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- perceptual identification, stimulus meaningfulness, parallel computing, serial scanning, word recognition, letter recognition, nonword recognition, masking, information processing stages
- MeSH terms
- Form Perception, Humans, Information Theory
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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