The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Verification, Validation, and Confirmation of Numerical Models in the Earth Sciences
Abstract
Verification and validation of numerical models of natural systems is impossible. This is because natural systems are never closed and because model results are always nonunique. Models can be confirmed by the demonstration of agreement between observation and prediction, but confirmation is inherently partial. Complete confirmation is logically precluded by the fallacy of affirming the consequent and by incomplete access to natural phenomena. Models can only be evaluated in relative terms, and their predictive value is always open to question. The primary value of models is heuristic.
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Cites
Representing and Intervening: Introductory Topics in the Philosophy of Natural Science
Hacking, I. (1983) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511814563 · Cited by 4,814
Fraassen, B. C. V. (1980) · doi:10.1093/0198244274.001.0001 · Cited by 4,682
The Essential Tension: Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change
Kuhn, T. S. (1977) · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226217239.001.0001 · Cited by 3,861
Studies in the Logic of Explanation
Hempel, C. G., & Oppenheim, P. (1948) · Philosophy of Science · doi:10.1086/286983 · Cited by 3,174
Science as Social Knowledge: Values and Objectivity in Scientific Inquiry
Longino, H. E. (1990) · doi:10.1515/9780691209753 · Cited by 3,092
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AUC: A misleading measure of the performance of predictive distribution models
Lobo, J. M., Jiménez‐Valverde, A., & Real, R. (2008) · Global Ecology and Biogeography · doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2007.00358.x · Cited by 3,499
Recent developments in life cycle assessment
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Where is the child's environment? A group socialization theory of development.
Harris, J. R. (1995) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.3.458 · Cited by 1,885
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Kling, H., Fuchs, M., & Paulin, M. (2012) · Journal of Hydrology · doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.01.011 · Cited by 1,676
Metadata
- Authors
- Oreskes, N., Shrader-Frechette, K., & Belitz, K.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 1994-02-04
- Volume
- 263
- Issue
- 5147
- Pages
- 641-646
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2045860903
- Cited by
- 3,010
- References
- 5
- FWCI
- 444.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Verification, Validation, and Confirmation of Numerical Models in the Earth Sciences. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1126/science.263.5147.641
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- Oreskes, N., Shrader-Frechette, K., & Belitz, K. (1994). Verification, Validation, and Confirmation of Numerical Models in the Earth Sciences. Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.263.5147.641
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Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
