Science as Social Knowledge: Values and Objectivity in Scientific Inquiry
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Authoritative knowledge emerges through organized critical scrutiny and communal validation rather than expertise alone.
“Likewise, authoritative knowledge emerges through organized critical scrutiny and communal validation rather than expertise alone [22].”
From Who speaks when machines read scripture: boundary-making and interpretive authority in AI-mediated religious knowledge (2026) · cites this paper as [22]
Knowledge acquires legitimacy by passing through institutional processes of review, debate, and revision.
“Knowledge acquires legitimacy by passing through institutional processes of review, debate, and revision.”
From Who speaks when machines read scripture: boundary-making and interpretive authority in AI-mediated religious knowledge (2026) · cites this paper as [22]
Epistemic authority emerges through organized criticism, peer evaluation, and communal scrutiny rather than through expertise alone.
“Longino's [22] social epistemology argues that epistemic authority emerges through organized criticism, peer evaluation, and communal scrutiny rather than through expertise alone.”
From Who speaks when machines read scripture: boundary-making and interpretive authority in AI-mediated religious knowledge (2026) · cites this paper as [22]
Transformations from cultural corpora to datasets, datasets to base models, and base models to instruction-tuned systems enact epistemic and normative boundaries that delimit what forms of meaning become legible, what interpretive options are foregrounded, and which traditions of validation remain visible or are displaced.
“Across the generative pipeline, successive transformations from cultural corpora to datasets, from datasets to base models, and from base models to instruction-tuned systems enact epistemic and normative boundaries that delimit what forms of meaning become legible, what interpretive options are foregrounded, and which traditions of validation remain visible or are displaced [11,17,22].”
From Who speaks when machines read scripture: boundary-making and interpretive authority in AI-mediated religious knowledge (2026) · cites this paper as [22]
Expertise is a necessary but insufficient condition for authority.
“Expertise is therefore a necessary but insufficient condition for authority.”
From Who speaks when machines read scripture: boundary-making and interpretive authority in AI-mediated religious knowledge (2026) · cites this paper as [22]
This separation reflects Longino's model of epistemic communities, in which reliability emerges through structured critical interaction.
“This separation reflects Longino's [22] model of epistemic communities, in which reliability emerges through structured critical interaction.”
From Who speaks when machines read scripture: boundary-making and interpretive authority in AI-mediated religious knowledge (2026) · cites this paper as [22]
Longino's model of epistemic communities and Serres's notion of quasi-objects are relevant here: interpretive artefacts circulate within collectives, generating authority through structured participation rather than individual assertion.
“Longino's [22] model of epistemic communities and Serres's [35] notion of quasi-objects are relevant here: interpretive artefacts circulate within collectives, generating authority through structured participation rather than individual assertion.”
From Who speaks when machines read scripture: boundary-making and interpretive authority in AI-mediated religious knowledge (2026) · cites this paper as [22]
Rather than locating legitimacy in model behavior or output quality, the framework situates it in publicly inspectable practices of disclosure, review, and validation that organize how interpretive claims are produced, circulated, and authorized.
“Rather than locating legitimacy in model behavior or output quality, the framework situates it in publicly inspectable practices of disclosure, review, and validation that organize how interpretive claims are produced, circulated, and authorized [11,22].”
From Who speaks when machines read scripture: boundary-making and interpretive authority in AI-mediated religious knowledge (2026) · cites this paper as [22]
Bias-free research is not possible because scientific theories, hypotheses, and models are based on human perceptual categories, concepts, and assumptions.
“Because scientific theories, hypotheses, and models are based on human perceptual categories, concepts, and assumptions, bias-free research is not possible [121, 125, 137].”
From The ethics of using artificial intelligence in scientific research: new guidance needed for a new tool (2025) · cites this paper as [137]
During data interpretation, researchers make assumptions based on interpretive frameworks, analytical tools, concepts, and background theories.
“Third, during the data-interpretation stage researchers make variousassumptions based on interpretive frameworks, analytical tools, concepts, and background theories (Elliott et al 2016, Longino 1990).”
From Data-Intensive Science and Research Integrity (2017) · cites this paper as Longino 1990
If an individual possesses too little background knowledge, he or she will not even be able to understand that the anomalous data are anomalous.
“However, if an individual possesses too little background knowledge, he or she will not even be able to understand that the anomalous data are anomalous (cf.Lijnse, 1990;Longino, 1990).”
From The role of anomalous data in knowledge acquisition: A theoretical framework and implications for science instruction. (1993) · cites this paper as Longino, 1990
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- Authors
- Longino, H. E.
- Corresponding author
- Longino, Helen E.
- ORCID
- Longino, Helen E.
- Venue
- Princeton University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Princeton University Press
- Published
- 1990-12-31
- OpenAlex
- W4300559119
- Cited by
- 3,092
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 244 · 2025: 296 · 2024: 188 · 2023: 169 · 2022: 212 · 2021: 160 · 2020: 145 · 2019: 173 · 2018: 128 · 2017: 86 · 2016: 73 · 2015: 100 · 2014: 60 · 2013: 80 · 2012: 58
- FWCI
- 81.08
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Princeton University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy and History of Science
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy, Science, and History
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Education, Politics, and Culture Studies
- Keywords
- philosophy of science, sociology of science, scientific knowledge, epistemology of science
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