The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Neostriatal Habit Learning System in Humans
Abstract
Amnesic patients and nondemented patients with Parkinson's disease were given a probabilistic classification task in which they learned which of two outcomes would occur on each trial, given the particular combination of cues that appeared. Amnesic patients exhibited normal learning of the task but had severely impaired declarative memory for the training episode. In contrast, patients with Parkinson's disease failed to learn the probabilistic classification task, despite having intact memory for the training episode. This double dissociation shows that the limbic-diencephalic regions damaged in amnesia and the neostriatum damaged in Parkinson's disease support separate and parallel learning systems. In humans, the neostriatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) is essential for the gradual, incremental learning of associations that is characteristic of habit learning. The neostriatum is important not just for motor behavior and motor learning but also for acquiring nonmotor dispositions and tendencies that depend on new associations.
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“This learning process appears to be mediated, in part, by the dorsolateral striatum (or the putamen) (Knowlton et al., 1996; White, 1997; Graybiel, 1998; Hikosaka, 1998; Yin and Knowlton, 2006).”
From Dopamine reward circuitry: Two projection systems from the ventral midbrain to the nucleus accumbens–olfactory tubercle complex (2007) · cites this paper as Knowlton et al., 1996
In the citing paper
“Context dependency occurs after motor skill learning in PD. This is demonstrated through diminished performance of a newly acquired motor skill either when the augmented cues used to learn the task are removed or the environmental or practice (random versus blocked) conditions are altered 50, 51.”
From Exercise-enhanced neuroplasticity targeting motor and cognitive circuitry in Parkinson's disease (2013) · cites this paper as [50]
In the citing paper
“congruent with suggestions that both comprise different memory systems [53,54] involved in forms of learning in which stimulus-response associations or habits are incrementally and sequentially acquired (striatal) [55–57] and more cognitive or declarative memory (hippocampal) [53,58].”
From Brain reorganization, not relative brain size, primarily characterizes anthropoid brain evolution (2013) · cites this paper as [57]
Citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons
Schultz, W. (1998) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1998.80.1.1 · Cited by 4,564
Holroyd, C. B., & Coles, M. G. H. (2002) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.109.4.679 · Cited by 4,027
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Schultz, W. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00967-4 · Cited by 2,574
The role of the basal ganglia in habit formation
Yin, H. H., & Knowlton, B. J. (2006) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1919 · Cited by 2,402
Self-citationMemory systems of the brain: A brief history and current perspective
Squire, L. R. (2004) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2004.06.005 · Cited by 2,269
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Knowlton, B. J., Mangels, J. A., & Squire, L. R.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Squire, Larry R.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 1996-09-06
- Volume
- 273
- Issue
- 5280
- Pages
- 1399-1402
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W1979455727
- Cited by
- 1,777
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 90 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 63 · 2016: 67 · 2015: 68 · 2014: 68 · 2013: 86 · 2012: 73
- FWCI
- 20.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH24600)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Keywords
- neostriatum, habit learning, Parkinson's disease, amnesia, declarative memory, caudate nucleus, putamen, associative learning, double dissociation
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Amnesia, Diencephalon, Female, Humans, Learning, Limbic System, Male, Memory, Middle Aged, Parkinson Disease, Matched-Pair Analysis, Neostriatum
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