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Cited by 1,477Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on BehaviorNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesNeuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research

Dopamine reward circuitry: Two projection systems from the ventral midbrain to the nucleus accumbens–olfactory tubercle complex

Open access
Ikemoto, Satoshi·2007·Brain Research Reviews
DOI 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.05.004PMC PMC2134972
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Abstract

Anatomical and functional refinements of the meso-limbic dopamine system of the rat are discussed. Present experiments suggest that dopaminergic neurons localized in the posteromedial ventral tegmental area (VTA) and central linear nucleus raphe selectively project to the ventromedial striatum (medial olfactory tubercle and medial nucleus accumbens shell), whereas the anteromedial VTA has few if any projections to the ventral striatum, and the lateral VTA largely projects to the ventrolateral striatum (accumbens core, lateral shell and lateral tubercle). These findings complement the recent behavioral findings that cocaine and amphetamine are more rewarding when administered into the ventromedial striatum than into the ventrolateral striatum. Drugs such as nicotine and opiates are more rewarding when administered into the posterior VTA or the central linear nucleus than into the anterior VTA. A review of the literature suggests that (1) the midbrain has corresponding zones for the accumbens core and medial shell; (2) the striatal portion of the olfactory tubercle is a ventral extension of the nucleus accumbens shell; and (3) a model of two dopamine projection systems from the ventral midbrain to the ventral striatum is useful for understanding reward function. The medial projection system is important in the regulation of arousal characterized by affect and drive and plays a different role in goal-directed learning than the lateral projection system, as described in the variation-selection hypothesis of striatal functional organization.

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Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This review refines the meso-limbic dopamine system of the rat into two ventral midbrain-to-ventral striatum projection systems: a meso-ventromedial striatal system from posteromedial VTA/central linear nucleus to medial olfactory tubercle and medial accumbens shell, and a meso-ventrolateral striatal system from lateral VTA to lateral tubercle, lateral shell, and core. It argues these systems support different roles in drug reward, action-arousal, and goal-directed learning, with the medial system especially important for reward and behavioral variation.

Key findings

  • Retrograde tracing showed the ventromedial striatum receives dopaminergic input mainly from posteromedial VTA, interfascicular nucleus, and central linear nucleus, whereas ventrolateral striatum receives mainly from lateral VTA. Table 1: medial tubercle received 45% from PBP, 28% from CL, 10% from PN; medial shell received 33% from CL, 22% from PN, 21% from PBP, 21% from IF; lateral tubercle received 81% from PBP; lateral shell 72% from PBP; core 53% from PBP and 14% from SNC; dorsal striatum 76% from SNC.
  • Most ventral midbrain neurons projecting to ventral striatum were dopaminergic: over 96% of retrogradely labeled cell-bodies after FG deposits into olfactory tubercle, nucleus accumbens, or dorsal striatum were also TH-positive, versus only 10% after diagonal band deposits.
  • Response-independent cocaine into the medial olfactory tubercle increased lever-pressing; 60 mM and 200 mM cocaine produced significantly higher lever-press rates than vehicle (F1,4 = 9.20, P < .05 and F1,4 = 16.88, P < .05, respectively).
  • The paper proposes a variation-selection hypothesis: meso-ventromedial striatal dopamine participates in action-arousal and behavioral variation, while meso-ventrolateral and meso-dorsal striatal dopamine participate in selection and associative learning.

Methods

  • Review plus original experiments in male Wistar rats. Anatomy used 11 rats for TH/Nissl cytoarchitectonic mapping and 43 rats for Fluoro-Gold retrograde tracing from medial/lateral tubercle, medial/lateral shell, core, dorsal striatum, and diagonal band, with TH co-localization.
  • Behavioral experiment used 5 male Wistar rats with unilateral cannulae aimed at medial olfactory tubercle; cocaine was delivered response-independently at fixed intervals, lever-presses illuminated a cue light, and lever-press rates were analyzed with within-subjects ANOVAs.
  • Literature review synthesized prior anatomical, electrophysiological, pharmacological, lesion, microdialysis, and behavioral studies on drug reward and motivated behavior.

Limitations

  • The paper states that the anatomical study focused on limited dimensions and did not examine other VTA projection targets, nor antero-posterior differences within the ventral striatum; it notes that anterior/posterior ventral striatum differences have been reported.
  • The paper notes methodological issues: FG/TH co-localization relied on intrinsic FG fluorescence, reducing detection by about 50% versus immunohistochemical detection, and overlapping TH immunofluorescence made co-expression sometimes difficult to determine.
  • The text also makes evident broader interpretive limits: microinjections diffuse from target sites, permanent lesions can involve functional compensation, and much of the functional discussion is explicitly heuristic or based on limited data, especially for the lateral shell and lateral olfactory tubercle.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.05.004

Cites

391 of 391 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

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Claims the paper makes

0 of 414 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data
    § Abstract

    Dopaminergic neurons localized in the posteromedial ventral tegmental area (VTA) and central linear nucleus raphe selectively project to the ventromedial striatum (medial olfactory tubercle and medial nucleus accumbens shell).

    “Present experiments suggest that dopaminergic neurons localized in the posteromedial ventral tegmental area (VTA) and central linear nucleus raphe selectively project to the ventromedial striatum (medial olfactory tubercle and medial nucleus accumbens shell)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Abstract

    The lateral VTA largely projects to the ventrolateral striatum (accumbens core, lateral shell and lateral tubercle).

    “and the lateral VTA largely projects to the ventrolateral striatum (accumbens core, lateral shell and lateral tubercle)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Abstract

    The anteromedial VTA has few if any projections to the ventral striatum.

    “whereas the anteromedial VTA has few if any projections to the ventral striatum”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingnone given
    § 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM

    The cell-bodies of dopaminergic neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle distribute from the posteromedial to anterolateral dimensions at an approximate 45° angle to the anteroposterior axis.

    “The cell-bodies of dopaminergic neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle distribute from the posteromedial to anterolateral dimensions at an approximate 45° angle to the anteroposterior axis.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingcitation

    The TH-positive cell-bodies in the parafasciculus retroflexus area are continuous with those in the posterior hypothalamic area including the supramammillary nucleus.

    “The TH-positive cell-bodies in the parafasciculus retroflexus area are continuous with those in the posterior hypothalamic area including the supramammillary nucleus”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 149
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 151

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The parafasciculus retroflexus area consists of a low density of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cell-bodies, which are small to medium in size and light to moderate in staining.

    “The parafasciculus retroflexus area consists of a low density of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cell-bodies, which are small to medium in size and light to moderate in staining”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning
    § 2. DOPAMINERGIC PROJECTIONS FROM THE VENTRAL MIDBRAIN TO THE VENTRAL STRIATUM

    The medial olfactory tubercle and medial accumbens shell receive strong dopaminergic innervation from the posteromedial VTA and central linear nucleus, but little innervation from anteromedial or lateral VTA.

    “The medial olfactory tubercle and medial accumbens shell (drug-reward trigger zones in the striatum) receive strong dopaminergic innervation from the posteromedial VTA and central linear nucleus (drug-reward trigger zones in the ventral midbrain), but little innervation from anteromedial or lateral VTA.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The PN and PBP are dopaminergic cell-body rich zones, whereas the parafasciculus retroflexus area and VTT are dopaminergic cell-body poor zones.

    “The PN and PBP are dopaminergic cell-body rich zones, whereas the parafasciculus retroflexus area and VTT are dopaminergic cell-body poor zones.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The rostral linear nucleus appears to project into the diagonal band, as well as into the pallidal zone of the olfactory tubercle.

    “The rostral linear nucleus appears to project into the diagonal band, as well as into the pallidal zone of the olfactory tubercle.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The interfascicular nucleus contains densely packed dopaminergic neurons, with density possibly the greatest in the ventral midbrain.

    “The interfascicular nucleus, localized just dorsal to the interpeduncular nucleus, contains densely packed dopaminergic neurons (Fig. 6 and 9). Its density may be characterized as the greatest in the ventral midbrain.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The PN's TH-positive cells are relatively homogeneous, mostly medium in size, medium to dark in staining, and oriented mediolaterally.

    “Its TH-positive cells are relatively homogeneous, mostly medium in size, medium to dark in staining (Fig. 3), and oriented mediolaterally”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The anterior PBP contains large TH-positive cells that are continuous with those in the anterior compacta part of the substantia nigra (SNC), and is packed with large, intensely stained TH-positive cells.

    “The anterior PBP contains large TH-positive cells that are continuous with those in the anterior compacta part of the substantia nigra (SNC), and is packed with large, intensely stained TH-positive cells”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    The morphological features of TH-positive neurons in the parafasciculus retroflexus area are more similar to those of the supramammillary nucleus than to those in the PN or PBP, and are continuous with the posterior hypothalamic area.

    “As described above, the morphological features of TH-positive neurons in the parafasciculus retroflexus area are more similar to those of the supramammillary nucleus than to those in the PN or PBP, and are continuous with the posterior hypothalamic area.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The majority of neurons projecting to the ventral striatum from the ventral midbrain appear to be dopaminergic, whereas the majority of neurons projecting to the nucleus of the diagonal band are non-dopaminergic.

    “The majority of neurons projecting to the ventral striatum from the ventral midbrain appear to be dopaminergic, whereas the majority of neurons projecting to the nucleus of the diagonal band are non-dopaminergic”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    The PBP consists of large- and medium-sized cell-bodies, which do not have unified orientations.

    “This zone consists of large- and medium-sized cell-bodies, which do not have unified orientations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    The parafasciculus retroflexus area and the VTT of the VTA project little, if at all, into the ventral striatum.

    “The parafasciculus retroflexus area and the VTT of the VTA project little, if at all, into the ventral striatum”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    The interfascicular nucleus may provide selective projection to the dorsomedial part of the shell, but not other striatal regions.

    “Interestingly, the interfascicular nucleus may provide selective projection to the dorsomedial part of the shell, but not other striatal regions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The central linear nucleus is filled with TH-positive neurons, which are relatively homogeneous, mostly medium in size, and medium to dark in staining.

    “The central linear nucleus, found along the midline between the interfascicular nucleus and the dorsal raphe nucleus, is filled with TH-positive neurons, which are relatively homogeneous, mostly medium in size, and medium to dark in staining”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Some, but not robust, projection may exist from the medial olfactory tubercle to the ventral midbrain.

    “Some, but not robust, projection may exist from the medial olfactory tubercle, because weak PHA-L labeling was detected after medial tubercle injection (S. Ikemoto, Unpublished observation).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The medial olfactory tubercle also projects to the medial ventral pallidum, and its projections appear to be more ventrally localized than those of the medial shell.

    “The medial olfactory tubercle also projects to the medial ventral pallidum, and its projections appear to be more ventrally localized than those of the medial shell (unpublished observation).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    PHA-L injections confined in the most medial striatal part of the tubercle resulted in PHA-L labeling in the lateral hypothalamic area; terminal-like labeling suggests synaptic contacts with local neurons.

    “In our preliminary experiment, however, PHA-L injections confined in the most medial striatal part of the tubercle resulted in PHA-L labeling in the lateral hypothalamic area; terminal-like labeling of varicosities and boutons suggests synaptic contacts with local neurons (S. Ikemoto, Unpublished observation).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The present experiment demonstrates that response-independent delivery of cocaine into the medial olfactory tubercle leads to heightened lever-pressing, an effect that the reinforcement concept alone does not readily explain.

    “the present experiment demonstrates that response-independent delivery of cocaine into the medial olfactory tubercle leads to heightened lever-pressing, an effect that the reinforcement concept alone does not readily explain.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The reinforcement concept holds that behavioral response leading to drug delivery is reinforced by the direct pharmacological actions of the drug, and contingent drug delivery is essential for learning self-administration.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Higher doses of quinpirole into the posteromedial VTA that lowered basal dopamine levels in the ventromedial striatum induced conditioned place avoidance by themselves, and in the presence of food, reduced food intake.

    “Higher doses of quinpirole into the posteromedial VTA that lowered basal dopamine levels in the ventromedial striatum induced conditioned place avoidance by themselves, and in the presence of food, reduced food intake (Z. H. Liu and S. Ikemoto, unpublished observation).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Z. H. Liu and S. Ikemoto, unpublished observation

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The co-localization values in this study are slightly higher than the 85% value reported by Swanson (1982) for VTA TH neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens, but within the same range as the 95% or higher values for dopaminergic cells projecting to the dorsal striatum reported by van der Kooy et al. (1981).

    “These values of co-localization are slightly higher than the 85% value for the VTA TH neurons projecting to the nucleus provided by Swanson (1982), although within the same range with 95% or higher values for the dopaminergic cells projecting to the dorsal striatum (van der Kooy et al., 1981).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Swanson (1982) source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites van der Kooy et al., 1981 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    The ventromedial striatum sends both direct and indirect projections to a network of brainstem regions including the lateral hypothalamic area, which appears to be involved in visceral and emotional behavioral processes.

    “In addition, the ventromedial striatum sends both direct and indirect projections to a network of brainstem regions including the lateral hypothalamic area, which appears to be involved in visceral and emotional behavioral processes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The ventral pallidum/medial forebrain bundle zone stains very lightly with the TH immunohistochemical procedures and appears to receive inputs from zones different from those projecting to the striatal district.

    “In addition, the ventral pallidum/medial forebrain bundle zone stains very lightly with the TH immunohistochemical procedures (Fig. 1A) and appears to receive inputs from zones different from those projecting to the striatal district.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    Moderate inhibition of the meso-ventromedial striatal dopamine system disrupts conditioned place avoidance induced by aversive stimuli.

    “As mentioned above, our preliminary studies found that moderate inhibition of the meso-ventromedial striatal dopamine system disrupts conditioned place avoidance induced by aversive stimuli (Liu and Ikemoto, 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Liu and Ikemoto, 2006

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Significant retrogradely labeled cells were not observed in the interfascicular nucleus after FG was deposited into any other striatal sites, suggesting that the interfascicular nucleus selectively projects to the dorsomedial shell within the ventral striatum.

    “Significant retrogradely labeled cells were not observed in the interfascicular nucleus after FG was deposited into any other striatal sites, suggesting that the interfascicular nucleus selectively projects to the dorsomedial shell within the ventral striatum.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    FG deposited into the accumbens core extensively labeled cells in the lateral portion of the PBP and also labeled notable levels of cells in the SNC.

    “Like deposits into the lateral shell and lateral tubercle, FG deposited into the accumbens core extensively labeled cells in the lateral portion of the PBP (Fig. 10); unlike those of the lateral shell and lateral tubercle, core FG also labeled notable levels of cells in the SNC.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Cells in medial compartments of the ventral midbrain projected to medial regions of the olfactory tubercle and accumbens shell, whereas cells in lateral compartments projected to lateral regions of the olfactory tubercle and accumbens shell and the accumbens core.

    “In general, the cells in medial compartments of the ventral midbrain projected to medial regions of the olfactory tubercle and accumbens shell, whereas those in lateral compartments projected to the lateral regions of the olfactory tubercle and accumbens shell and the accumbens core (Fig. 20).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    An FG deposit slightly more lateral than that of case 241 resulted in labeling cells more laterally in the ventral midbrain than 241, suggesting a mediolateral topography.

    “An FG deposit slightly more lateral than that of case 241 resulted in labeling cells more laterally in the ventral midbrain than 241, suggesting a mediolateral topography.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    FG deposited into the dorsal striatum labeled many cells in the SNC and the anterolateral PBP and labeled some in the retrorubral area and posterolateral PBP.

    “FG deposited into the dorsal striatum (cases 244–247) labeled many cells in the SNC and the anterolateral PBP and labeled some in the retrorubral area and posterolateral PBP (Fig. 10).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    More severe inhibition of this dopamine system alone induced conditioned place avoidance and reduced food intake and locomotor activity.

    “In addition, more severe inhibition of this dopamine system alone induced conditioned place avoidance and reduced food intake and locomotor activity (Z. H. Liu and S. Ikemoto, unpublished observation).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Z. H. Liu and S. Ikemoto, unpublished observation

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The medial part of the nucleus accumbens-olfactory tubercle complex receives dopaminergic innervations from the PN, medial PBP, interfascicular nucleus and central linear nucleus, but receives little from the parafasciculus retroflexus area, lateral PBP, rostral linear nucleus or VTT, whereas the ventrolateral striatum receives innervations largely from the lateral PBP.

    “The present data indicate that the medial part of the nucleus accumbens-olfactory tubercle complex receives dopaminergic innervations from the PN, medial PBP, interfascicular nucleus and central linear nucleus, but receives little from the parafasciculus retroflexus area, lateral PBP, rostral linear nucleus or VTT, whereas the ventrolateral striatum receives innervations largely from the lateral P”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    When the rat received 60 mM cocaine in session 3, it lever-pressed at a steady rate during the first 30 min and slowed down thereafter.

    “When the rat received 60 mM cocaine in session 3, it lever-pressed at a steady rate during the first 30 min and slowed down thereafter.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    When the rat received 200 mM cocaine in session 7, it kept lever-pressing for the entire session; rates of lever-presses were faster in the beginning of the session and slowed gradually.

    “When it received 200 mM cocaine in session 7, it kept lever-pressing for the entire session; rates of lever-presses were faster in the beginning of the session and slowed gradually.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    When the rat received vehicle infusions in session 5, it started but stopped lever-pressing quickly.

    “When the rat received vehicle infusions in session 5, it started but stopped lever-pressing quickly.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    No significant FG-labeling was observed on the contralateral side, except in the contralateral sides of the midline structures including the central and rostral linear nuclei and interfascicular nucleus, where significant labeled cells were often found and analyzed.

    “Indeed, no significant FG-labeling was observed on the contralateral side, except in the contralateral sides of the midline structures, including the central and rostral linear nuclei and interfascicular nucleus, in which significant labeled cells were often found and were analyzed.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Lever-press rates obtained with 60 mM cocaine (sessions 3 and 4) and 200 mM cocaine (sessions 6 and 7) were significantly higher than those obtained with vehicle in sessions 1 and 5 (F1,4 = 9.20, P < .05) and in sessions 5 and 8 (F1,4 = 16.88, P < .05), respectively.

    “These observations are confirmed by ANOVAs on lever-press rates (Fig. 15B): lever-press rates obtained with 60-mM cocaine (sessions 3 and 4) and 200-mM cocaine (sessions 6 and 7) were significantly higher than those obtained with vehicle in sessions 1 and 5 (F1,4 = 9.20, P < .05) and in sessions 5 and 8 (F1,4 = 16.88, P < .05), respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The rat did not respond in session 1 when it received vehicle infusions; the median responses in session 1 among the rats were 27.

    “As shown in Fig. 15A, this rat did not respond in session 1 when it received vehicle infusions; the median responses in session 1 among the rats were 27.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given
    § Abstract

    The medial projection system plays a different role in goal-directed learning than the lateral projection system, as described in the variation-selection hypothesis of striatal functional organization.

    “and plays a different role in goal-directed learning than the lateral projection system, as described in the variation-selection hypothesis of striatal functional organization.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The variation-selection hypothesis of striatal functional organization correctly describes how the medial and lateral projection systems differ in goal-directed learning.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Abstract

    Cocaine and amphetamine are more rewarding when administered into the ventromedial striatum than into the ventrolateral striatum.

    “These findings complement the recent behavioral findings that cocaine and amphetamine are more rewarding when administered into the ventromedial striatum than into the ventrolateral striatum.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ikemoto et al., 2005

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Rats and mice learn to self-administer opiates, cannabinoids, cocaine or ethanol into the VTA.

    “Similarly, rats and mice learn to self-administer opiates (Bozarth and Wise, 1981; Welzl et al., 1989; David and Cazala, 1994a; 1994b; Devine and Wise, 1994), cannabinoids (Zangen et al., 2006), cocaine (David et al., 2004; Rodd et al., 2005) or ethanol (Gatto et al., 1994; Rodd-Henricks et al., 2000) into the VTA.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Bozarth and Wise, 1981

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Zangen et al., 2006 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Rodd et al., 2005 source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Rats learn to lever-press for amphetamine delivery directly into the accumbens.

    “In addition, rats learn to lever-press for amphetamine delivery directly into the accumbens”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Hoebel et al., 1983 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Phillips et al., 1994a

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    • cites Phillips et al., 1994b

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Intra-accumbens administration of amphetamine or dopamine receptor agonists induces conditioned place preference.

    “Intra-accumbens administration of amphetamine or dopamine receptor agonists also induces conditioned place preference”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Carr and White, 1983

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Carr and White, 1986

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    • cites White et al., 1991 source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The meso-limbic dopamine system that projects from the VTA to the nucleus accumbens has been implicated in the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse.

    “The meso-limbic dopamine system that projects from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens has been implicated in the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Fibiger and Phillips, 1986

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Wise and Bozarth, 1987 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Koob, 1992 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Mice learn to run on a Y-maze to self-administer nicotine into the VTA, an effect that can be diminished by systemic administration of dopamine antagonists.

    “Mice learn to run on a Y-maze to self-administer nicotine into the VTA, an effect that can be diminished by systemic administration of dopamine antagonists”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Maskos et al., 2005 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites David et al., 2006 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Administration of the nicotinic receptor agonists cytisine or nicotine into the vicinity of the VTA induces conditioned place preference.

    “Administration of the nicotinic receptor agonists cytisine or nicotine into the vicinity of the VTA induces conditioned place preference”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Museo and Wise, 1994

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Laviolette and van der Kooy, 2003

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Rats readily learn to lever-press for cocaine or amphetamine into the olfactory tubercle, and the medial portion of the tubercle is more responsive to the rewarding effects of these drugs than the lateral portion.

    “In addition, rats readily learn to lever-press for cocaine or amphetamine into the olfactory tubercle, localized just ventral to the nucleus accumbens (Fig. 1), though the medial portion of the tubercle is more responsive to the rewarding effects of these drugs than the lateral portion”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Ikemoto, 2003

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Ikemoto et al., 2005

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The concept of the ventral striatum emerged in 1973 when Heimer and Wilson suggested that the isocortico-striato-pallidal system has a parallel limbic system projecting to the olfactory tubercle and nucleus accumbens, which project to the ventral pallidum.

    “The concept of the ventral striatum emerged in 1973 when Heimer and Wilson presented in the Golgi Centennial Symposium. They suggested that the well-established isocortico-striato-pallidal system has a parallel system consisting of limbic (piriform, hippocampal, and amygdaloid) cortices projecting to the olfactory tubercle and nucleus accumbens, which in turn, project to the ventral pallidum”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Heimer and Wilson, 1975

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Heimer, 1978

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The olfactory tubercle and nucleus accumbens are conceptualized as part of the striatal system.

    “The olfactory tubercle and nucleus accumbens are conceptualized as part of the striatal system.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Heimer and Wilson, 1975

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Heimer, 1978

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Data obtained with viral technology indicate that the anterior and posterior VTA play different roles in conditioned place preference induced by systemic cocaine or opiate administration.

    “Data obtained with viral technology also indicate that the anterior and posterior VTA play different roles in conditioned place preference induced by systemic cocaine or opiate administration”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Carlezon et al., 2000 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Bolanos et al., 2003 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Olson et al., 2005 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Rats learn to self-administer nicotine and other drugs into the central linear nucleus.

    “Rats learn to self-administer nicotine and other drugs into the central linear nucleus”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Ikemoto et al., 1998

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Ikemoto et al., 2006 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Subsequent studies employing more sensitive methods showed that VTA dopamine neurons project not only to the accumbens and tubercle but also to other limbic-related regions including the septum, hippocampus, amygdala and prefrontal cortex.

    “Subsequent studies employing more sensitive methods showed that VTA dopamine neurons project not only to the accumbens and tubercle but also to other limbic-related regions including the septum, hippocampus, amygdala and prefrontal cortex”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Lindvall and Bjorklund, 1974

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Lindvall et al., 1974

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Fallon and Moore, 1978

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Some limbic regions such as the amygdala and piriform cortex receive significant inputs from the substantia nigra.

    “It should be noted that some limbic regions such as the amygdala and piriform cortex receive significant inputs from the substantia nigra”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Rats learn to self-administer amphetamine into the medial accumbens shell, but do not readily learn to self-administer it into the lateral shell.

    “Although rats learn to self-administer amphetamine into the medial accumbens shell, they do not readily learn to self-administer it into the lateral shell”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ikemoto et al., 2005

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The accumbens shell is functionally heterogeneous, as is the olfactory tubercle.

    “they further suggest that the accumbens shell is functionally heterogeneous, as is the olfactory tubercle.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The medial olfactory tubercle is involved in drug reward and shares a common function with the medial shell.

    “These data suggest that the medial olfactory tubercle is involved in drug reward and shares a common function with the medial shell”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The entire portion of the olfactory tubercle does not belong to the striatal system; it consists of heterogeneous elements including islands of Calleja, a ventral pallidum/medial forebrain bundle zone, and a striatal zone containing medium spiny neurons.

    “It should be noted that the entire portion of the olfactory tubercle does not belong to the striatal system. The olfactory tubercle consists of several heterogeneous elements (Fig. 1A) – the islands of Calleja, the zone consisting of the ventral pallidum and the medial forebrain bundle, and the striatal zone containing medium spiny neurons”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Heimer, 1978

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Earlier influential work performed in the rat brain treated the VTA as synonymous with the A10 nucleus.

    “Earlier influential work performed in the rat brain (Dahlstrom and Fuxe, 1964; Fallon and Moore, 1978; Moore and Bloom, 1978) treated the VTA as synonymous with the A10 nucleus.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Dahlstrom and Fuxe, 1964

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Fallon and Moore, 1978

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Moore and Bloom, 1978

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The central linear nucleus contains both dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons.

    “Interestingly, this midline structure contains both dopaminergic (Phillipson, 1979b; Swanson, 1982) and serotonergic (Steinbusch, 1981; Halliday and Tork, 1989) neurons.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Phillipson, 1979b

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Swanson, 1982 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Steinbusch, 1981 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Dopaminergic neurons localized in the VTA projecting to the nucleus accumbens, particularly the shell, are activated by administration of drugs of abuse, and the activation of this system is rewarding.

    “Taken together, these data suggest that dopaminergic neurons localized in the VTA projecting to the nucleus accumbens, particularly the shell, are activated by administration of drugs of abuse, and the activation of this system is rewarding.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Ungerstedt (1971) originally reported that the A10 dopamine nucleus projects primarily to the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle.

    “Ungerstedt (1971) originally reported the observation that the A10 dopamine nucleus projects primarily to the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ungerstedt, 1971 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The VTA has been defined in several different ways, with two popular versions differing in their inclusion or exclusion of the midline nuclei.

    “The VTA has been defined in several different ways. There are two popular versions, differing in their inclusion or exclusion of the midline nuclei.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Dahlstrom and Fuxe, 1964

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Fallon and Moore, 1978

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Swanson, 1982 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The central (or caudal) linear nucleus raphe, localized posterodorsal to the VTA, is involved in drug reward.

    “In addition to the posterior VTA, the central (or caudal) linear nucleus raphe, localized posterodorsal to the VTA, is involved in drug reward.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Ikemoto et al., 1998

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Ikemoto et al., 2006 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    The meso-limbic dopamine system can be defined in different ways.

    “In summary, the meso-limbic dopamine system can be defined in different ways.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Administration of these drugs into the VTA triggers multiple actions, and the net effect of these actions appears to increase firing of dopamine neurons.

    “The administration of these drugs into the VTA triggers multiple actions, and the net effect of these actions appears to increase firing of dopamine neurons.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Drug injections into the anterior VTA are likely not rewarding because either anteromedial VTA (parafasciculus retroflexus area) or anterolateral VTA (anterior PBP) do not significantly project to the ventromedial striatum, the drug-reward trigger zone in the striatum.

    “Drug injections into the anterior VTA are likely not rewarding because either anteromedial VTA (parafasciculus retroflexus area) or anterolateral VTA (anterior PBP) do not significantly project to the ventromedial striatum, the drug-reward trigger zone in the striatum.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Rats do not learn to self-administer AMPA or nicotine into the anterior VTA.

    “Importantly, they do not learn to self-administer these drugs into the anterior VTA.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Ikemoto et al., 2004

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Ikemoto et al., 2006 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Recent anterograde-tracer data suggest that neurons in the rostral linear nucleus project to the pallidal zone of the tubercle.

    “Although it is not demonstrated by the data presented here, recent anterograde-tracer data suggest that neurons in this structure projects to the pallidal zone of the tubercle”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Del-Fava et al., 2007 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The VTT appears to contain an aggregate of GABAergic neurons.

    “The VTT appears to contain an aggregate of GABAergic neurons”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Olson and Nestler, 2007

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The parafasciculus retroflexus area and the VTT are not part of the meso-striatal dopamine systems.

    “and thus are not part of the meso-striatal dopamine systems.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    No other drug has been reported to trigger rewarding effects from the anterior VTA.

    “Indeed, no other drug has been reported to trigger rewarding effects from the anterior VTA.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Rewarding effects of such disparate drugs as cocaine, nicotine, heroin, alcohol and cannabis have been suggested to be mediated by a common circuitry.

    “Rewarding effects of such disparate drugs as cocaine, nicotine, heroin, alcohol and cannabis have been suggested to be mediated by a common circuitry”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Wise and Bozarth, 1987 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Wise, 1996 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Functional heterogeneity of the VTA has been described in terms of differences between the anterior and posterior VTA.

    “Functional heterogeneity of the VTA has been described in terms of differences between the anterior and posterior VTA”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Ikemoto et al., 1997b

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Ikemoto et al., 1998

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The nucleus of the diagonal band also receives innervations from the posterior hypothalamic area including the supramammillary nucleus.

    “which also receives innervations from the posterior hypothalamic area including the supramammillary nucleus”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Vertes, 1992 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The interfascicular nucleus projects to the dorsomedial shell, in which psychomotor stimulants trigger reward.

    “The interfascicular nucleus projects to the dorsomedial shell (Phillipson and Griffiths, 1985; Brog et al., 1993; section 2.2.2), in which psychomotor stimulants trigger reward.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Phillipson and Griffiths, 1985

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Brog et al., 1993

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The function and projection of the central linear nucleus are similar to that of the posteromedial VTA.

    “Thus, the function and projection of the central linear nucleus are similar to that of the posteromedial VTA.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Nicotinic receptors on GABAergic neurons appear to be quickly desensitized and to stay desensitized for prolonged periods.

    “However, nicotinic receptors on GABAergic neurons appear to be quickly desensitized and to stay desensitized for prolonged periods (Mansvelder et al., 2002; Pidoplichko et al., 2004).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Mansvelder et al., 2002 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Pidoplichko et al., 2004 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Reviewed data suggest that non-dopaminergic innervations to the ventral striatum display strong mediolateral topography.

    “Reviewed data suggest that non-dopaminergic innervations to the ventral striatum display strong mediolateral topography.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Opiate administration appears to inhibit ventral tegmental GABAergic neurons, which tonically inhibit dopaminergic neurons, thus removing tonic inhibition over dopamine neurons and activating dopamine neurons.

    “Opiate administration appears to inhibit ventral tegmental GABAergic neurons, which tonically inhibit dopaminergic neurons, thus removing tonic inhibition over dopamine neurons and, in turn, activating dopamine neurons (Gysling and Wang, 1983; Johnson and North, 1992).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Gysling and Wang, 1983

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Johnson and North, 1992 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Ventral striatal dopamine modulates glutamatergic input onto medium spiny projection neurons.

    “Ventral striatal dopamine modulates glutamatergic input onto median spiny projection neurons (Nicola et al., 2000; O’Donnell, 2003).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Nicola et al., 2000 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites O’Donnell, 2003

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The glutamatergic innervations to the ventral striatum come from various limbic regions, including the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and thalamus, and vary with mediolateral topography.

    “The glutamatergic innervations to the ventral striatum come from various limbic regions, including the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and thalamus, and vary with mediolateral topography (for the nucleus accumbens, see Groenewegen et al., 1999).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Groenewegen et al., 1999 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Nicotinic receptors on dopaminergic neurons may be responsive to the first puff of a cigarette or the first infusion of intravenous nicotine following abstinence, but may not be responsive to subsequent administration of nicotine.

    “Therefore, nicotinic receptors on dopaminergic neurons may be responsive to the first puff of a cigarette or the first infusion of intravenous nicotine following abstinence, but may not be responsive to subsequent administration of nicotine.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The action of nicotine on glutamatergic transmission appears to persist and does not readily desensitize.

    “The action of nicotine on glutamatergic transmission appears to persist and does not readily desensitize (Mansvelder and McGehee, 2000; Mansvelder et al., 2002; Pidoplichko et al., 2004).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Mansvelder and McGehee, 2000

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Mansvelder et al., 2002 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Pidoplichko et al., 2004 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The reinforcing effects of opiates administered into the VTA are thought to be mediated via local GABAergic neurons.

    “The reinforcing effects of opiates administered into the VTA are thought to be mediated via local GABAergic neurons.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Gysling and Wang, 1983

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Matthews and German, 1984

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Johnson and North, 1992 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Rats self-administer nicotine continuously over minutes or hours, and a single systemic injection of nicotine increases and maintains extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens for over an hour.

    “The brief excitatory capacity that nicotine has on dopaminergic neurons does not readily explain the finding that rats self-administer nicotine continuously over minutes or hours and that a single systemic injection of nicotine increases and maintains extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens for over an hour (Imperato et al., 1986; Pidoplichko et al., 2004).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Imperato et al., 1986 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Pidoplichko et al., 2004 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The actions of cannabinoids in the VTA may be more complex than those of opiates, but appear to involve disinhibitory mechanisms to activate dopamine neurons.

    “The actions of cannabinoids in the VTA may be more complex than those of opiates, but appear to involve disinhibitory mechanisms to activate dopamine neurons (Lupica et al., 2004; Gardner, 2005).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Lupica et al., 2004 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Gardner, 2005 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The ventral striatum receives input from the ventral pallidum with mediolateral topography; the medial ventral pallidum projects to the medial shell and medial tubercle, whereas the lateral ventral pallidum projects to the core, lateral shell and lateral tubercle.

    “In addition, the ventral striatum receives input from the ventral pallidum with mediolateral topography. The medial ventral pallidum projects to the medial shell and medial tubercle, whereas the lateral ventral pallidum projects to the core, lateral shell and lateral tubercle (Groenewegen et al., 1993).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Groenewegen et al., 1993 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The lateral tubercle, lateral accumbens shell, and accumbens core receive afferents from the parataenial thalamic nucleus.

    “The lateral tubercle, lateral accumbens shell, and accumbens core receive afferents from the parataenial thalamic nucleus (Newman and Winans, 1980; Berendse and Groenewegen, 1990; Moga et al., 1995).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Newman and Winans, 1980

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Berendse and Groenewegen, 1990

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Moga et al., 1995 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The projection from the ventromedial striatum splits between the posteromedial VTA and lateral VTA, and the projection from the ventrolateral striatum splits between the lateral VTA and medial substantia nigra.

    “The projection from the ventromedial striatum splits between the posteromedial VTA and lateral VTA, and the projection from the ventrolateral striatum splits between the lateral VTA and medial substantia nigra (Heimer et al., 1991; Berendse et al., 1992b; Usuda et al., 1998; Zhou et al., 2003).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Heimer et al., 1991 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Berendse et al., 1992b

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Usuda et al., 1998 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Features such as spine density and terminal and branch segments appear to differ between the medial shell and the lateral shell, and between the shell and the core.

    “Features such as spine density and terminal and branch segments appear to differ between the medial shell and the lateral shell, and between the shell and the core (Meredith et al., 1992; 1995).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Meredith et al., 1992 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Meredith et al., 1995 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The medial ventral pallidum provides projections to both the posteromedial and lateral VTA, whereas the lateral ventral pallidum provides projections to both the lateral VTA and the medial substantia nigra pars compacta/reticulata.

    “The medial ventral pallidum, which receives its afferents from the medial shell and medial tubercle, provides its projections to both the posteromedial and lateral VTA, whereas the lateral ventral pallidum, which receives its afferents from the core, lateral shell and lateral tubercle, provides its projections to both the lateral VTA and the medial substantia nigra pars compacta/reticulata (Zahm,”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Zahm, 1989 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Groenewegen et al., 1993 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The medial mediodorsal thalamic nucleus projects to the infralimbic, prelimbic and agranular insular cortices, which project to the ventral striatum.

    “The medial mediodorsal thalamic nucleus then projects to the infralimbic, prelimbic and agranular insular cortices (Leonard, 1972; Groenewegen, 1988; Ray and Price, 1992), which project to the ventral striatum (Berendse et al., 1992a; Brog et al., 1993).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Leonard, 1972 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Groenewegen, 1988 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Ray and Price, 1992 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The lateral shell appears to receive inputs from primary olfactory regions, although these inputs are not as extensive as those to the tubercle.

    “It should also be noted that the lateral shell appears to receive inputs from primary olfactory regions (Luskin and Price, 1983), although these inputs are not as extensive as those to the tubercle.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Luskin and Price, 1983

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The olfactory tubercle may not be as robustly involved in the striato-mesencephalic circuits as the nucleus accumbens.

    “It should be noted that the olfactory tubercle may not be as robustly involved in the striato-mesencephalic circuits as the nucleus accumbens.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    The olfactory tubercle is closely connected to the olfactory system.

    “Thus, as the name suggests, the olfactory tubercle is closely connected to the olfactory system (Shipley et al., 2004).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Shipley et al., 2004

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given
    § 3. DOWNSTREAM CIRCUITS AND HIERARCHICAL ORGANIZATION

    The reviewed data suggest strong mediolateral topography for the outputs from the ventral striatum.

    “The reviewed data suggest strong mediolateral topography for the outputs from the ventral striatum.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Information conducted in the meso-ventromedial system influences the meso-ventrolateral striatal dopamine system, which in turn influences the meso-dorsal striatal dopamine system via laterally diverging projections to the ventral midbrain.

    “Thus, the information conducted in the meso-ventromedial system influences the meso-ventrolateral striatal dopamine system, which in turn influences the meso-dorsal striatal dopamine system (Alexander et al., 1986; DeLong, 1990) via laterally diverging projections to the ventral midbrain as shown in Figure 13.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Alexander et al., 1986 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites DeLong, 1990 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The medial shell projects to the medial ventral pallidum, whereas the core projects to the dorsolateral ventral pallidum.

    “The medial shell projects to the medial ventral pallidum, whereas the core projects to the dorsolateral ventral pallidum (Zahm and Heimer, 1990; Heimer et al., 1991; Usuda et al., 1998; Zhou et al., 2003).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Zahm and Heimer, 1990

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Heimer et al., 1991 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Usuda et al., 1998 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Some signals from the ventromedial striatum go back to the ventromedial striatum via the infralimbic cortex, and some reach the accumbens core via the prelimbic cortex and dorsal agranular insular cortex.

    “While some signals from the ventromedial striatum go back to the ventromedial striatum via the infralimbic cortex, some signals reach the accumbens core via the prelimbic cortex, as suggested by Zahm (1999), and via the dorsal agranular insular cortex, apparently participating in lateral information flow.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Zahm, 1999 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The medial tubercle receives extensive input from the posterior piriform cortex, lateral entorhinal cortex, dorsal peduncular cortex, and ventral tenia tecta, whereas the lateral tubercle receives input from the olfactory bulb, anterior olfactory nucleus, and anterior piriform cortex.

    “The medial tubercle receives extensive input from the posterior piriform cortex, lateral entorhinal cortex, dorsal peduncular cortex, and ventral tenia tecta, whereas the lateral tubercle receives input from the olfactory bulb, anterior olfactory nucleus, and anterior piriform cortex (Luskin and Price, 1983).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Luskin and Price, 1983

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A disadvantage of microinjection is the difficulty of identifying the exact regions of drug action because drugs diffuse as soon as they are microinjected into a site.

    “Disadvantages of this technique (for extended discussion, see Ikemoto and Wise, 2004) include the difficulty of identifying the exact regions of drug action, because drugs diffuse as soon as they are microinjected into a site.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ikemoto and Wise, 2004

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The ventromedial striatum participates not only in the functions of the basal ganglia, but also in visceral and emotional motor processes via the lateral hypothalamus and associated regions.

    “The ventromedial striatum participates not only in the functions of the basal ganglia, but also in visceral and emotional motor processes via the lateral hypothalamus and associated regions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Previous studies provided no evidence that the striatal part of the tubercle sends its efferent to the lateral hypothalamic area.

    “Previous studies provided no evidence that the striatal part of the tubercle sends its efferent to the lateral hypothalamic area.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Brief electrical stimulation administered at a frequency of 10 Hz or higher could mimic an episode of burst firing of dopamine neurons, which results in transients.

    “Although not neurotransmitter-selective, brief electrical stimulation administered at a frequency of 10 Hz or higher could mimic an episode of burst firing of dopamine neurons, which results in transients (Gonon, 1988; Wightman and Zimmerman, 1990; Suaud-Chagny et al., 1992; Marinelli et al., 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Gonon, 1988 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Wightman and Zimmerman, 1990

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Suaud-Chagny et al., 1992 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The compensation issue is minimal in temporal neuronal modulations induced by microinjection of drugs because behavioral tests typically follow immediately after microinjections.

    “The compensation issue is minimal in temporal neuronal modulations induced by microinjection of drugs, because behavioral tests typically follow immediately after microinjections.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Permanent lesions induced by toxins most likely involve functional compensation because behavioral tests are typically given after recovery periods of a week or more, making interpretation of data difficult.

    “Because behavioral tests are typically given following recovery periods of a week or more, permanent lesions induced by these toxins most likely involve functional compensation, a mechanism that makes interpretation of data difficult.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The meso-dorsal striatal dopamine system has long been thought to control behavioral selection.

    “The meso-dorsal striatal (i.e., nigro-striatal) dopamine system has long been thought to control behavioral selection (Robbins, 1976; Cools, 1980; Wickens, 1993; Mink, 1996; Yin and Knowlton, 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Robbins, 1976 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Cools, 1980 source

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    • cites Wickens, 1993

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    This circuitry is consistent with the notion of limbic/motor interaction and the motivation-to-action concept, in that emotional information elaborated by the ventral striatum influences cognition-guided movements.

    “This circuitry is consistent with the notion of the limbic/motor interaction held by Nauta and his colleagues (Nauta and Domesick, 1978; Nauta et al., 1978) and the motivation-to-action concept of Mogenson and his colleagues (Mogenson et al., 1980), in that emotional information elaborated by the ventral striatum influences cognition-guided movements.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Nauta and Domesick, 1978

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Nauta et al., 1978

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    • cites Mogenson et al., 1980 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The central segment projects to the ventral agranular insular cortex, which projects back to the lateral shell and lateral tubercle.

    “The central segment projects to the ventral agranular insular cortex (Groenewegen, 1988; Ray and Price, 1992), which in turn projects back to the lateral shell and lateral tubercle.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Groenewegen, 1988 source

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    • cites Ray and Price, 1992 source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Tonic changes may play a critical role in motivation and affect because motivation and affect concern tonic states.

    “Tonic changes may play a critical role in motivation and affect*, because motivation and affect concern tonic states.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Motivation and affect concern tonic states.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The striatal complex plays a key role in both behavioral variation and selection.

    “Based on the hierarchical organization summarized in Figure 13, the variation-selection hypothesis of goal-directed learning (Staddon and Simmelhag, 1971), and behavioral data reviewed below, it is argued that the striatal complex plays a key role in both behavioral variation and selection.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Staddon and Simmelhag, 1971

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  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Via these split circuits, signals conducted in the basal ganglia including the meso-ventromedial and ventrolateral striatal dopamine systems eventually reach the primary motor and premotor cortices, which control rational, intelligent and cognition-guided voluntary movements.

    “Via these striato-mesencephalic, striato-pallido-mesencephalic and striato-pallido-thalamo-cortical split circuits, signals conducted in the basal ganglia including the meso-ventromedial and ventrolateral striatal dopamine systems eventually reach the primary motor and premotor cortices, which control rational, intelligent and cognition-guided voluntary movements; this motor system is called “the”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Microinjection procedures can modulate selective neuronal communication when ligands of selective receptors are used.

    “Microinjection procedures can modulate selective neuronal communication when ligands of selective receptors are used.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Phasic changes, which are temporally and spatially selective, may play a critical role in learning because associative learning depends on temporal contiguity.

    “Phasic changes, which are temporally and spatially selective, may play a critical role in learning, because in most cases associative learning depends on temporal contiguity*.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Associative learning depends on temporal contiguity.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The lateral segment projects to the cingulate cortex, which projects to the dorsal striatum, resulting in splitting signals.

    “The lateral segment, on the other hand, projects to the cingulate cortex, which in turn projects to the dorsal striatum, resulting in splitting signals.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Effects induced by microinjections of drugs are transient, typically lasting for only a few minutes.

    “In addition, effects induced by microinjections of drugs are transient, typically lasting for only a few minutes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The dorsolateral ventral pallidum sends few efferent to the mediodorsal thalamus.

    “The dorsolateral ventral pallidum, which receives its afferent from the core, sends few efferent to the mediodorsal thalamus (Zahm et al., 1996).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Zahm et al., 1996 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Small 6-OHDA lesions of dopaminergic terminals confined to regions such as the accumbens core or medial shell have an unclear effect on extracellular dopamine levels, which may decrease or increase.

    “Especially when small lesions of dopaminergic terminals confined in regions such as the accumbens core or medial shell are made, it is unclear whether such lesions result in a decrease or increase in extracellular dopamine levels (Parkinson et al., 2002; Ikegami et al., 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Parkinson et al., 2002 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Ikegami et al., 2006

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationcitation
    § 4. FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE MESO-VENTROMEDIAL AND VENTROLATERAL DOPAMINE SYSTEMS

    The present paper adopts the perspective that the meso-striatal dopamine systems are part of the set of coordinated neuronal mechanisms that allows organisms to find biologically important stimuli from the environment, to promote and sustain life (SEEKING or expectancy/foraging system).

    “Specifically, the present paper adopts the perspective that the meso-striatal dopamine systems are part of the set of coordinated neuronal mechanisms that allows organisms to find biologically important stimuli from the environment, to promote and sustain life (SEEKING or expectancy/foraging system) (Panksepp, 1982; 1998).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Panksepp, 1982 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Panksepp, 1998

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  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    These behavioral data suggest functional differences between the medial shell and lateral shell and between the medial tubercle and lateral tubercle, and functional similarity between the medial shell and medial tubercle.

    “These behavioral data suggest functional differences between the medial shell and lateral shell and between the medial tubercle and lateral tubercle, and functional similarity between the medial shell and medial tubercle.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Rats readily learn to self-administer cocaine or amphetamine into the medial tubercle, but not the lateral tubercle.

    “As for the olfactory tubercle, microinjections of cocaine into the medial olfactory tubercle elicit locomotion and rearing more effectively than those into the lateral tubercle (Ikemoto, 2002), and rats readily learn to self-administer cocaine or amphetamine into the medial tubercle, but not the lateral tubercle (Ikemoto, 2003; Ikemoto et al., 2005).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Ikemoto, 2003

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Ikemoto et al., 2005

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Nucleus accumbens dopamine has been implicated in two major roles: invigoration of approach and incentive learning.

    “Nucleus accumbens dopamine has been implicated in two major roles: invigoration of approach and incentive learning* (Ikemoto and Panksepp, 1999).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ikemoto and Panksepp, 1999 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Limited behavioral data suggest that functions of the medial shell and medial tubercle are similar to each other and different from those of the ventrolateral striatum.

    “Limited behavioral data suggest that functions of the medial shell and medial tubercle are similar to each other and different from those of the ventrolateral striatum.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Microdialysis techniques are useful for detecting tonic, but not phasic, changes in dopamine levels.

    “Microdialysis techniques are useful for detecting tonic, but not phasic, changes, whereas the fast-scan cyclic voltammetry or chronoamperometry are useful for detecting phasic changes in dopamine levels (Wightman and Robinson, 2002).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wightman and Robinson, 2002

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Rats that had received the reward cue and drug reward under haloperidol ran significantly slowly 24 hours later even with the reward cue, whereas rats that had received the no-reward cue and no drug reward under haloperidol ran fast with the reward cue.

    “However, when these rats were tested again 24 hours later without haloperidol treatment, the rats that had received the reward cue and the drug reward under the influence of haloperidol ran significantly slowly even with the presence of the reward cue. On the other hand, rats that had received the no-reward cue and no drug reward under the influence of haloperidol ran fast with the reward cue.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites McFarland and Ettenberg, 1995

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Many studies found that the accumbens core and shell are involved in different functions.

    “To date, much of the functional analysis of the nucleus accumbens has focused on the differences between the accumbens core and shell, and many studies found that the core and shell are involved in different functions (Di Chiara, 2002; Kelley, 2004; Everitt and Robbins, 2005).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Di Chiara, 2002 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Kelley, 2004 source

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    • cites Everitt and Robbins, 2005 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry or chronoamperometry are useful for detecting phasic changes in dopamine levels.

    “Microdialysis techniques are useful for detecting tonic, but not phasic, changes, whereas the fast-scan cyclic voltammetry or chronoamperometry are useful for detecting phasic changes in dopamine levels (Wightman and Robinson, 2002).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wightman and Robinson, 2002

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Intra-accumbens injections of dopamine receptor antagonists or 6-OHDA treatments abolish conditioned reinforcement and attenuate amphetamine-enhanced conditioned reinforcement.

    “Furthermore, intra-accumbens injections of dopamine receptor antagonists or 6-OHDA treatments abolishes conditioned reinforcement (Robbins and Everitt, 1982) and attenuate amphetamine-enhanced conditioned reinforcement (Taylor and Robbins, 1986; Wolterink et al., 1993).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Robbins and Everitt, 1982

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Taylor and Robbins, 1986

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Wolterink et al., 1993 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Rats readily learn to self-administer cocaine or amphetamine into the medial shell, but not the lateral shell.

    “As mentioned above (section 1.2), rats readily learn to self-administer cocaine or amphetamine into the medial shell, but not the lateral shell (Ikemoto, 2003; Ikemoto et al., 2005).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Ikemoto, 2003

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Ikemoto et al., 2005

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The medial accumbens shell, but not the core, exerts excitatory control over conditioned responding.

    “Thus, these results suggest that the medial accumbens shell, but not the core, exerts excitatory control over conditioned responding.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Locomotor activity is elicited by rewarding treatments such as microinjections of cholinergic receptor agonists carbachol or cytisine, NMDA receptor agonists, μ-opiate receptor agonists or the cannabinoid receptor agonist delta-9 THC into the posteromedial VTA, or the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol into the central linear nucleus.

    “Locomotor activity is elicited by rewarding treatments such as microinjections of the cholinergic receptor agonists carbachol (Ikemoto et al., 2003) or cytisine (Museo and Wise, 1990), NMDA receptor agonists (Ikemoto, 2004), μ-opiate receptor agonists (Joyce et al., 1981; Zangen et al., 2002) or the cannabinoid receptor agonist delta-9 THC (Zangen et al., 2006) into the posteromedial VTA, or the G”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Ikemoto et al., 2003

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Museo and Wise, 1990

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Ikemoto, 2004

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Electrical brain stimulation at the medial forebrain bundle/VTA increases blood pressure, an effect that is blocked by pretreatment with dopamine antagonists or 6-OHDA, suggesting dopamine mediation.

    “Such electrical brain stimulation also increases blood pressure, an effect that is blocked by pretreatment with dopamine antagonists or 6-OHDA (Spring and Winkelmuller, 1975; Tan et al., 1983; Burgess et al., 1993; Cornish and van den Buuse, 1994), suggesting dopamine mediation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Spring and Winkelmuller, 1975

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Tan et al., 1983 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Burgess et al., 1993

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Activation of the meso-ventromedial striatal dopamine system appears to lead to positive affect, a state that results in approach learning (or positive reinforcement).

    “The activation of the meso-ventromedial striatal dopamine system appears to lead to positive affect, a state that results in approach learning (or positive reinforcement).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Increased activity of intra-shell dopamine does not merely enhance motor-habits, but also enhances motivation for rewards.

    “This and related studies (Wyvell and Berridge, 2000; 2001; Pecina et al., 2006) demonstrate that increased activity of intra-shell dopamine does not merely enhance motor-habits, but also enhances motivation for rewards, a finding consistent with the notion of action-arousal or drive.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Wyvell and Berridge, 2000

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Wyvell and Berridge, 2001 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Pecina et al., 2006 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Inhibition of the meso-ventromedial striatal dopamine system appears to lead to negative affect, a state that results in avoidance learning (or negative reinforcement).

    “Its inhibition, on the other hand, appears to lead to negative affect, a state that results in avoidance learning (or negative reinforcement).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Electrical brain stimulation at the medial forebrain bundle/VTA is rewarding and triggers dopamine release in the ventral striatum and investigatory responses of sniffing.

    “Electrical brain stimulation at the medial forebrain bundle/VTA is rewarding and triggers dopamine release in the ventral striatum (Fiorino et al., 1993; Garris et al., 1999; Cheer et al., 2005; Hernandez et al., 2006) and investigatory responses of sniffing (Clarke and Trowill, 1971; Ikemoto and Panksepp, 1994).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Fiorino et al., 1993 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Garris et al., 1999 source

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    • cites Cheer et al., 2005 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Heightened activity of dopamine in the ventromedial striatum appears to lead to forward locomotion and rearing in rats, observations thought to reflect an action-arousal state or general drive state.

    “Nevertheless, heightened activity of dopamine in ventromedial striatum appears to lead to forward locomotion and rearing in rats, observations that are thought to reflect an action-arousal state or general drive state.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Microinjections of amphetamine into the medial shell, more readily than the core, elicit high frequency (around 50-Hz) ultrasonic vocalizations, which have been implicated in positive motivational states in rats.

    “Microinjections of amphetamine into the medial shell, more readily than the core, elicit high frequency (around 50-Hz) ultrasonic vocalizations (Burgdorf et al., 2001; Thompson et al., 2006), which have been implicated in positive motivational states in rats (Knutson et al., 2002).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Burgdorf et al., 2001 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Thompson et al., 2006 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Knutson et al., 2002 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Excitotoxic lesions of the core enhance locomotor activity induced by systemic amphetamine or cocaine, suggesting an inhibitory role of the core in psychomotor stimulant-induced locomotion.

    “On the other hand, excitotoxic lesions of the core enhance locomotor activity induced by systemic amphetamine or cocaine (Parkinson et al., 1999; Ito et al., 2004), suggesting an inhibitory role of the core in psychomotor stimulant-induced locomotion.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Parkinson et al., 1999 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Ito et al., 2004 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In cocaine reinstatement models, systemic administration of cocaine reinstates conditioned responding, and this cocaine-induced reinstatement is blocked by administration of dopamine receptor antagonists into the medial shell, but not the core.

    “For instance, in animals that have extinguished conditioned responding (lever-pressing), systemic administration of cocaine reinstates the conditioned responding, and this cocaine-induced reinstatement is blocked by the administration of dopamine receptor antagonists into the medial shell, but not the core (McFarland and Kalivas, 2001; Anderson et al., 2003; Bachtell et al., 2005; Anderson et al.,”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites McFarland and Kalivas, 2001 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Anderson et al., 2003 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Bachtell et al., 2005 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The meso-ventromedial striatal dopamine system is sensitized by regulatory imbalances (e.g., hunger) and activated when animals detect incentive stimuli and especially when procurement of reward is uncertain.

    “This dopamine system is sensitized by regulatory imbalances (e.g., hunger) and activated when animals detect incentive stimuli and especially when procurement of reward is uncertain.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The meso-ventromedial striatal dopamine system is sensitized by regulatory imbalances and activated when animals detect incentive stimuli and especially when procurement of reward is uncertain.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    A key structure of the network may be the lateral hypothalamic area, which receives innervation from the medial ventral pallidum and ventromedial striatum and from the infralimbic prefrontal cortex and midbrain extrapyramidal area.

    “A key structure of the network may be the lateral hypothalamic area, which receives innervation from the medial ventral pallidum and ventromedial striatum and from the infralimbic prefrontal cortex and midbrain extrapyramidal area.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The ventrolateral striatum, particularly the nucleus accumbens core, is involved in selection of stimulus-appropriate responding, referred to as stimulus-action association.

    “The ventromedial striatum and its dopamine are suggested to be involved in stimulus-outcome learning, while the ventrolateral striatum, particularly that of the nucleus accumbens core, is involved in selection of stimulus-appropriate responding, a process that is referred to as stimulus-action* association.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Both the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus and the midbrain extrapyramidal area are involved in locomotion, and distinct mechanisms exist within the ventral pallidum projecting between these regions to mediate locomotion.

    “Additional data confirm that both mediodorsal thalamic nucleus and midbrain extrapyramidal area are involved in locomotion and suggest that distinct mechanisms exist within the ventral pallidum projecting between these regions, to mediate locomotion.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Core dopamine may be important for the acquisition of stimulus-action association, i.e., conditioned response learning dependent on stimulus-outcome association.

    “Core dopamine may be important for the acquisition of stimulus-action association, i.e., conditioned response learning dependent on stimulus-outcome association.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Extracellular basal dopamine levels in the medial shell, but not the core, decrease after adrenalectomy, which diminishes plasma glucocorticoids.

    “Interestingly, extracellular basal dopamine levels in the medial shell, but not the core, decrease after adrenalectomy, which diminishes plasma glucocorticoids (Barrot et al., 2000).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Barrot et al., 2000 source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Isodendritic neurons' morphological features enable them to receive extensive afferents and appear optimal for integrating a variety of inputs, including strong inputs from protopathic somato-visceral sensibility.

    “The isodendritic neurons’ morphological features enable them to receive extensive afferents and, thus, appear to be optimal for integrating a variety of inputs, including strong inputs from protopathic somato-visceral sensibility (Leontovich and Zhukova, 1963).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Leontovich and Zhukova, 1963

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Action-arousal, regulated by the meso-ventromedial striatal dopamine system, may play an essential role in Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning tasks.

    “Action-arousal, regulated by the meso-ventromedial striatal dopamine system, may play an essential role in Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning tasks.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The medial ventral pallidum sends its efferents to the medial mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, the lateral hypothalamic area, and the midbrain extrapyramidal area, dorsomedial to the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus.

    “The medial ventral pallidum sends its efferents to the medial mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, the lateral hypothalamic area (Zahm, 1989; Groenewegen et al., 1993; O’Donnell et al., 1997) and the midbrain extrapyramidal area, dorsomedial to the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (Swanson et al., 1984; Rye et al., 1987).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Zahm, 1989 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Groenewegen et al., 1993 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites O’Donnell et al., 1997

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The lateral hypothalamic area contains hypocretin/orexin neurons, which appear to play a critical role in arousal and probably reward.

    “Recent data suggest that the lateral hypothalamic area contains hyporcretin/orexin (de Lecea et al., 1998, Sakurai et al., 1998) neurons (Peyron et al., 1998), which appear to play a critical role in arousal (Siegel, 2004; Saper et al., 2005) and probably reward (Harris et al., 2005; Harris and Aston-Jones, 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites de Lecea et al., 1998 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Sakurai et al., 1998 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Peyron et al., 1998 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Locomotion induced by intra-pallidal DAMGO is blocked by procaine microinjections into the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, but not the midbrain extrapyramidal area, whereas locomotion induced by intra-pallidal AMPA is blocked by procaine microinjections into the midbrain extrapyramidal area, but not the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus.

    “Locomotion induced by intra-pallidal DAMGO is blocked by procaine microinjections into the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, but not the midbrain extrapyramidal area, whereas locomotion induced by intra-pallidal AMPA is blocked by procaine microinjections into the midbrain extrapyramidal area, but not the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (Churchill and Kalivas, 1999).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Churchill and Kalivas, 1999

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Exposure to foot shock increases extracellular dopamine levels in the medial shell, but not the core.

    “Exposure to foot shock increases extracellular dopamine levels in the medial shell, but not the core (Kalivas and Duffy, 1995).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kalivas and Duffy, 1995

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The lateral hypothalamic area belongs to the phylogenically old brain structure referred to as the isodendritic core (or reticular formation), as do the ventral pallidum and VTA.

    “The lateral hypothalamic area belongs to the phylogenically old brain structure referred to as “isodendritic core” (or “reticular formation”), as do the ventral pallidum and VTA (Leontovich and Zhukova, 1963; Ramon-Moliner and Nauta, 1966; Geisler and Zahm, 2005).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Leontovich and Zhukova, 1963

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Ramon-Moliner and Nauta, 1966

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Geisler and Zahm, 2005 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Stimulus-outcome association is proposed to be the foundation for selection via stimulus-action, action-outcome and stimulus-response associative mechanisms through the hierarchical organization of the striatal complex.

    “Stimulus-outcome association is proposed to be the foundation for selection via stimulus-action, action-outcome and stimulus-response associative mechanisms through the hierarchical organization of the striatal complex described in Figure 13.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The action-arousal state may be regulated by a network of nuclei or cell assemblies localized from the spinal cord to the telencephalon.

    “The action-arousal state may be regulated by a network of nuclei or cell assemblies localized from the spinal cord to the telencephalon.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Microinjections of the μ-opiate-receptor agonist DAMGO or the glutamate receptor agonist AMPA into the ventral pallidum elicit locomotion.

    “Microinjections of the μ-opiate-receptor agonist DAMGO or the glutamate receptor agonist AMPA into the ventral pallidum elicit locomotion.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Heightened locomotion induced by intra-accumbens dopamine is facilitated by microinjections of the GABAA receptor antagonist picrotoxin and attenuated by GABA injections into the vicinity of the medial ventral pallidum.

    “Heightened locomotion induced by intra-accumbens dopamine is facilitated by microinjections of the GABAA receptor antagonist picrotoxin and attenuated by GABA injections into the vicinity of medial ventral pallidum (Jones and Mogenson, 1980).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Jones and Mogenson, 1980

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The ventromedial striatum and its dopamine are suggested to be involved in stimulus-outcome learning.

    “The ventromedial striatum and its dopamine are suggested to be involved in stimulus-outcome learning, while the ventrolateral striatum, particularly that of the nucleus accumbens core, is involved in selection of stimulus-appropriate responding, a process that is referred to as stimulus-action* association.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Action-outcome learning is thought to be partly mediated by the dorsomedial striatum (or the caudate).

    “This learning process is thought to be partly mediated by the dorsomedial striatum (or the caudate) (Yin et al., 2005a; 2005b).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Yin et al., 2005a

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Yin et al., 2005b

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Ventromedial striatal dopamine is involved in the re-organization of incentive representation or reconsolidation of incentive memory in stimulus-outcome association.

    “it is reasonable to postulate that ventromedial striatal dopamine is involved in the re-organization of incentive representation or reconsolidation of incentive memory in stimulus-outcome association (section 4.9.4).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Variation-selection processes are envisioned to generate adaptive responding, from unconditioned to stimulus-dependent to outcome-dependent to habit responding, as organisms adapt to a new environment.

    “The variation-selection processes are envisioned to generate adaptive responding, from unconditioned to stimulus-dependent to outcome-dependent to habit responding, as organisms adapt to a new environment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Pavlovian conditioning depends in part on stimulus-outcome association, which enables animals to retrieve the representation of an outcome upon the presentation of a predictive stimulus.

    “Hence, Pavlovian conditioning depends in part on stimulus-outcome association*, which enables animals to retrieve the representation of an outcome upon the presentation of a predictive stimulus.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Intermittent injections of cocaine into the medial olfactory tubercle have marked arousal effects in rats and lead to heightened lever-pressing.

    “These data suggest that intermittent injections of cocaine into the medial olfactory tubercle have marked arousal effects in rats and lead to heightened lever-pressing.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Dopamine does not appear to be essential for feeding or experiencing some pleasure out of it, while it is critical for seeking out and delivering food into the mouth.

    “These data suggest that dopamine does not appear to be essential for feeding or experiencing some pleasure out of it, while it is critical for seeking out and delivering food into the mouth.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Predictive stimuli acquire the affective properties of outcomes.

    “As a result, predictive stimuli acquire the affective properties of outcomes (Rescorla, 1988).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Rescorla, 1988 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Ventromedial striatal dopamine may play an important role in emotional pleasure of reward expectancy, but not sensory pleasure.

    “Therefore, ventromedial striatal dopamine may play an important role in emotional pleasure of reward expectancy, but not sensory pleasure.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Conditioned place preference performance involves retrieval of affective information for action and has been found to involve stimulus-outcome association.

    “Thus, conditioned place preference performance involves retrieval of affective information for action and has been found to involve stimulus-outcome association (Perks and Clifton, 1997; Yin and Knowlton, 2002).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Perks and Clifton, 1997

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Yin and Knowlton, 2002

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Instrumental learning tasks depend on two basic processes, action-outcome and stimulus-response learning, in addition to those typically involved in Pavlovian learning.

    “Instrumental learning tasks have been found to depend on two basic processes (Yin and Knowlton, 2006), in addition to those typically involved in Pavlovian learning.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Yin and Knowlton, 2006 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Carr (2002) suggested that food-restriction sensitizes the meso-limbic dopamine system.

    “Indeed, Carr (2002) suggested that food-restriction “sensitizes” the meso-limbic dopamine system.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Carr, 2002 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Almost complete depletion of striatal dopamine does not disrupt facial pleasure expression induced by sucrose delivered into rats' mouths.

    “Berridge and Robinson (1998) showed that almost complete depletion of striatal dopamine does not disrupt “facial pleasure expression” induced by sucrose delivered into rats’ mouths.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Berridge and Robinson, 1998 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Dopamine deficient mice prefer sweet solutions over plain water.

    “In addition, dopamine deficient mice prefer sweet solutions over plain water (Cannon and Palmiter, 2003).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cannon and Palmiter, 2003

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Blockade of dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens disrupts seeking for a sucrose reward, but not sucrose consumption, in rats.

    “Ikemoto and Panksepp (1996) showed a dissociation between reward-seeking and reward-consumption in that blockade of dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens disrupts seeking for a sucrose reward, but not sucrose consumption, in rats.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ikemoto and Panksepp, 1996

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    There are multiple tasks or measures that qualify stimuli as rewarding.

    “It should be emphasized that there are multiple tasks or measures that qualify stimuli as rewarding.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Without dopamine, hungry mice are hypoactive and starve to death, even though food and water are readily available.

    “Without dopamine, hungry mice are hypoactive and starve to death, even though food and water are readily available, literally in front of their noses.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Zhou and Palmiter, 1995 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Mice without dopamine can consume food and water and prefer sweet solutions over plain water.

    “mice without dopamine can consume food and water (Szczypka et al., 1999; 2001) and prefer sweet solutions over plain water (Cannon and Palmiter, 2003).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Szczypka et al., 1999; 2001

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Cannon and Palmiter, 2003 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Light stimulus presentation appears to be rewarding to rats especially when they are food-restricted.

    “Light stimulus presentation appears to be rewarding to rats especially when they are food-restricted (Stewart and Hurwitz, 1958).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Stewart and Hurwitz, 1958

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Blockade of dopamine receptors in the medial shell just before preference testing does not change conditioned place preference induced by nicotine or morphine administration, even though the same treatments during the acquisition phase disrupt the acquisition of conditioned place preference.

    “The blockade of dopamine receptors in the medial shell just before preference testing does not change conditioned place preference induced by nicotine or morphine administration, even though the same treatments during the acquisition phase disrupt the acquisition of conditioned place preference (Fenu et al., 2006; Spina et al., 2006).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Fenu et al., 2006 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Spina et al., 2006 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The same is true when rats receive the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin into the core, but not the shell or dorsolateral striatum, immediately after each learning session.

    “The same is true when rats receive the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin into the core, but not the shell or dorsolateral striatum, immediately after each learning session (Hernandez et al., 2002).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hernandez et al., 2002 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Dalley et al. injected the D1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390 into the lateral nucleus accumbens (the core and lateral shell) immediately after a Pavlovian approach task with food in hungry rats, and found that this disrupted the acquisition of conditioned responding.

    “Dalley et al., (2005) injected the D1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390 into the lateral nucleus accumbens (the core and lateral shell) immediately after a Pavlovian approach task with food in hungry rats, and found that this disrupted the acquisition of conditioned responding.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dalley et al., 2005 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    Emotional pleasure (anticipation of rewards) is likely mediated, in part, by dopamine.

    “As suggested by Panksepp (1982; 1998), this type of pleasure is likely mediated, in part, by dopamine.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Panksepp, 1982 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Panksepp, 1998

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Rewarding and arousing effects may be dissociated on temporal grounds.

    “In addition, rewarding and arousing effects may be dissociated on temporal grounds.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Intravenous administration of cocaine induces conditioned place preference mediated via a dopamine dependent mechanism, particularly that of the accumbens shell and olfactory tubercle.

    “Whereas intravenous administration of cocaine induces conditioned place preference mediated via a dopamine dependent mechanism (Spyraki et al., 1987), particularly that of the accumbens shell and olfactory tubercle (Sellings et al., 2006b)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Spyraki et al., 1987 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Sellings et al., 2006b

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Rewarding and arousal effects appear to be differentially dependent on the downstream mechanisms of the meso-limbic dopamine system; these effects should be dissociated on anatomical grounds.

    “However, rewarding and arousal effects appear to be differentially dependent on the downstream mechanisms of this dopamine system; that is, these effects should be dissociated on anatomical grounds.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Appetitive motivation, or wanting, is hypothesized to be mediated partly by brain dopamine.

    “Appetitive motivation, or “wanting”, is hypothesized to be mediated partly by brain dopamine (Blackburn et al., 1992; Ikemoto and Panksepp, 1996; Berridge and Robinson, 1998).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Blackburn et al., 1992 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Ikemoto and Panksepp, 1996

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Berridge and Robinson, 1998 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    When rats execute an action and receive a reward, ventral striatal dopamine participates in the reconsolidation of incentive memory.

    “When rats execute an action and receive a reward, ventral striatal dopamine participates in the reconsolidation of incentive memory.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    The present variation-selection model considers incentive learning in two forms: stimulus-outcome and stimulus-action learning.

    “The present variation-selection model considers incentive learning in two forms: stimulus-outcome and stimulus-action learning (Fig. 14).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    Drug administration that is rewarding as assessed by instrumental tasks should elicit heightened locomotion.

    “Therefore, as Wise and Bozarth (1987) suggested, drug administration that is rewarding as assessed by instrumental tasks should elicit heightened locomotion.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wise and Bozarth (1987) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Intraperitoneal administration of cocaine induces conditioned place preference, which is not blocked by pretreatments with systemic dopamine antagonists or 6-OHDA lesions of the nucleus accumbens.

    “intraperitoneal administration of cocaine induces conditioned place preference, which is not blocked by pretreatments with systemic dopamine antagonists or 6-OHDA lesions of the nucleus accumbens (Spyraki et al., 1982a; Sellings et al., 2006b).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Spyraki et al., 1982a

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Sellings et al., 2006b

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    Conditioned place preference procedures appear to detect the rewarding effects of stimuli that are dopamine-independent.

    “In addition, conditioned place preference procedures appear to detect the rewarding effects of stimuli that are dopamine-independent.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry data indicate that the magnitude of dopaminergic signals in the accumbens occurring just after lever-pressing becomes smaller during extinction, while response intervals increase.

    “Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry data indicate that the magnitude of dopaminergic signals in the accumbens occurring just after lever-pressing (the consummatory phase) becomes smaller and smaller during the extinction phase, while response intervals increase more and more (Stuber et al., 2005b)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Stuber et al., 2005b

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Goal-directed behavior is thought to be divided into two general phases, appetitive and consummatory phases, served by distinct neuronal mechanisms.

    “Goal-directed behavior is thought to be divided into two general phases, appetitive and consummatory phases (Craig, 1918; Konorski, 1967), served by distinct neuronal mechanisms.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Craig, 1918 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Konorski, 1967

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Dopamine in the nucleus accumbens plays an essential role in incentive learning; increased dopaminergic activity during the consummatory phase increases the incentive value of stimuli, while dopaminergic inactivity decreases the incentive value of stimuli.

    “Ikemoto and Panksepp (1999) hypothesized that dopamine in the nucleus accumbens plays an essential role in incentive learning; increased dopaminergic activity in the accumbens dopamine during the consummatory phase increases the incentive value of stimuli, while dopaminergic inactivity during the consummatory phase decreases the incentive value of stimuli.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ikemoto and Panksepp (1999) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Intraperitoneal administration of procaine induces conditioned place preference and does not increase but instead decreases forward locomotion.

    “Interestingly, intraperitoneal administration of procaine, which induces conditioned place preference, does not increase but instead decreases forward locomotion (Wiechman et al., 1981; Reith et al., 1985).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Wiechman et al., 1981 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Reith et al., 1985 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Opiates appear to have both dopamine-dependent and -independent actions.

    “Similarly, opiates appear to have both dopamine-dependent and -independent actions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    There is a dissociation between consumption and seeking/procurement, suggesting that dopamine is essential for seeking but not necessary for generating preference for the oral consumption of particular stimuli.

    “Thus, these results and many other data demonstrate a dissociation between consumption and seeking/procurement (see Ikemoto and Panksepp, 1999; Baldo and Kelley, 2007) suggesting that dopamine appears to be essential for seeking, but not necessary for generating preference for the oral consumption of particular stimuli.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Ikemoto and Panksepp, 1999 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Baldo and Kelley, 2007

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    The locomotor effects and the positive reinforcing effects of drugs are triggered via a common mechanism, namely the meso-limbic dopamine system, especially the meso-ventromedial striatal dopamine system.

    “These effects are triggered via a common mechanism, namely the meso-limbic dopamine system, especially the meso-ventromedial striatal dopamine system.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Dopaminergic neurons fire and dopamine is released during the consummatory, or liking, phase.

    “As discussed above, dopaminergic neurons fire and dopamine is released during the consummatory, or liking, phase.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Dopamine is not necessary for stimulus-outcome learning between environmental cues and some affective effects of morphine, but is necessary for expression of that learning.

    “These data suggest that dopamine is not necessary for stimulus-outcome learning between environmental cues and some affective effects of morphine, but is necessary for expression of that learning.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Treatment with dopamine receptor antagonist does not affect immediate appetitive performance, if the task is not physically or mentally demanding or the blockade of dopamine receptors in the ventromedial striatum is not extensive.

    “Therefore, treatment with dopamine receptor antagonist does not affect immediate appetitive performance, if the task is not physically or mentally demanding or the blockade of dopamine receptors in the ventromedial striatum is not extensive (severe inhibition leads to the lack of drive, see section 4.9.6).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    The meso-ventromedial striatal dopamine system interacts with various other systems: the ventrolateral and dorsal striatal dopamine systems, action-arousal system and limbic, associative and sensory cortices.

    “The meso-ventromedial striatal dopamine system interacts with various other systems: the ventrolateral and dorsal striatal dopamine systems, action-arousal system and limbic, associative and sensory cortices (Fig. 17A).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Dopamine deficient mice can learn to associate place cues and the affective action of morphine, and if treated with caffeine or L-DOPA just before the performance phase, they display a preference for the compartment paired with morphine.

    “Dopamine deficient mice can learn to associate place cues and the affective action of morphine, and if they are treated with caffeine or L-DOPA, which temporarily restores their dopamine, just before the performance phase, they display a preference for the compartment paired with morphine (Hnasko et al., 2005).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hnasko et al., 2005 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    Drugs' unconditioned motor stimulant effects, initiated via the meso-ventromedial striatal dopamine system, may not require elaboration of information with other meso-striatal systems or other higher systems.

    “On the other hand, drugs’ unconditioned motor stimulant effects, initiated via the meso-ventromedial striatal dopamine system, may not require elaboration of information with other meso-striatal systems or other higher systems (Fig. 17C).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    This suggestion is in general agreement with the role of ventromedial striatal dopamine in action-arousal.

    “This suggestion is in general agreement with the role of ventromedial striatal dopamine in action-arousal.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Dopaminergic activity in the ventromedial striatum may determine animals' capacity to pursue seeking tasks of varying degrees of difficulty.

    “Dopaminergic activity in the ventromedial striatum may determine animals’ capacity to pursue seeking tasks of varying degrees of “difficulty”.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Nucleus accumbens dopamine is involved in energizing animals performing instrumental tasks.

    “Salamone and his colleagues (Salamone and Correa, 2002; Salamone et al., 2003) have suggested that nucleus accumbens dopamine is involved in energizing animals performing instrumental tasks.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Salamone and Correa, 2002 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Salamone et al., 2003 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The disruption of normal dopaminergic activity in the ventral striatum during consummatory behavior followed by appetitive behavior will lead to re-organization of a stimulus-outcome and stimulus-action association, such that conditioned stimuli in the next trial will be ineffective in eliciting conditioned responding.

    “The disruption of normal dopaminergic activity in the ventral striatum during consummatory behavior followed by appetitive behavior will lead to re-organization of a stimulus-outcome and stimulus-action association, such that the presentation of conditioned stimuli in the next trial will be ineffective in eliciting conditioned responding.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Because ventromedial striatal dopamine is involved in action-arousal or general drive states, the deficiency of ventromedial striatal dopamine may affect performance based on both physical and mental challenges.

    “Because ventromedial striatal dopamine is involved in action-arousal or general drive states, the deficiency of ventromedial striatal dopamine may affect performance based on both physical and mental challenges.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Tonic signals influence phasic signals and vice versa; systemic administration of cocaine increases tonic dopamine signals by blocking dopamine uptake and also increases frequencies of phasic signals and transients.

    “It is not easy to investigate functional roles of phasic and tonic dopamine signaling because tonic signals influence phasic signals and vice versa; systemic administration of cocaine, which increases tonic dopamine signals by blocking dopamine uptake, also increases frequencies of phasic signals and transients as detected by the fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (Heien et al., 2005; Stuber et al., 200”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Heien et al., 2005 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Stuber et al., 2005a

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Stuber et al., 2005b

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Ventromedial striatal dopamine during consummatory behavior is involved in the acquisition and, perhaps, the re-organization of stimulus-outcome association, and ventrolateral striatal dopamine during consummatory behavior is involved in the acquisition and re-organization of conditioned responding (stimulus-action association).

    “Ventromedial striatal dopamine during consummatory behavior is involved in the acquisition and, perhaps, the re-organization of stimulus-outcome association, and ventrolateral striatal dopamine during consummatory behavior is involved in the acquisition and re-organization of conditioned responding (stimulus-action association).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Tonic levels of ventral striatal dopamine correlate well with levels of locomotor activity.

    “As mentioned above, tonic levels of ventral striatal dopamine correlate well with levels of locomotor activity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Chronic psychomotor-stimulant abuse decreases activity of brain dopamine in patients.

    “Some clinical data suggest that chronic psychomotor-stimulant abuse decrease activity of brain dopamine in patients (Lago and Kosten, 1994, Koob and Le Moal, 1997).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Lago and Kosten, 1994

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Koob and Le Moal, 1997 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Intra-shell administration of amphetamine in sensitized rats did not further increase conditioned responding upon the presentation of a conditioned stimulus, but rather increased general investigatory behaviors such as sniffing and rearing not targeted at the active lever.

    “Interestingly, intra-shell administration of amphetamine in those sensitized rats did not further increase conditioned responding upon the presentation of a conditioned stimulus, but rather increased general investigatory behaviors such as sniffing and rearing not targeted at the active lever (Wyvell and Berridge, 2001).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wyvell and Berridge, 2001 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Amphetamine injections into the accumbens shell energize rats to respond on the active lever only when a Pavlovian-conditioned stimulus is present.

    “Wyvell and Berridge (2000) found that amphetamine injections into the accumbens shell energize rats to respond on the active lever only when a Pavlovian-conditioned stimulus is present”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wyvell and Berridge (2000)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Chronic drug taking leading to hypo-activity of the meso-ventromedial striatal dopamine system may result in a negative mood state which in turn accelerates drug-taking (self-medication) in an attempt to improve the mood state.

    “These findings suggest that chronic drug taking leading to hypo-activity of the meso-ventromedial striatal dopamine system may result in a negative mood state which in turn accelerates drug-taking (“self-medication”) in an attempt to improve the mood state (Markou et al., 1998).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Markou et al., 1998 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The meso-ventromedial striatal dopamine system is involved in several behavioral functions: positive and negative affective states, general drive states and stimulus-outcome learning.

    “As discussed above, the meso-ventromedial striatal dopamine system is involved in several behavioral functions: positive and negative affective states, general drive states and stimulus-outcome learning.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Dopaminergic neurons appear to fire not only in response to reward-related stimuli, but also those of potential importance such as loud noise.

    “Indeed, dopaminergic neurons appear to fire not only in response to reward-related stimuli, but also those of potential importance such as loud noise (Kiyatkin, 1988; Pan et al., 2005).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Kiyatkin, 1988 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Pan et al., 2005 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisereasoning

    The presentation of a Pavlovian-conditioned stimulus energizes rats with a history of repeated administration of amphetamine to respond on the active lever, even if the rats are free of the drug at the time of testing.

    “The presentation of a Pavlovian-conditioned stimulus energizes rats with a history of repeated administration of amphetamine to respond on the active lever, even if the rats are free of the drug at the time of testing.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The combination of previous repeated amphetamine and intra-shell amphetamine activated the meso-ventromedial striatal dopamine system so much that it overrode inhibitory control of selection mechanisms or conditioning effects, leading to an increase in unconditioned responding.

    “This observation may be explained by the hypothesis that the combination of previous repeated amphetamine and intra-shell amphetamine activated the meso-ventromedial striatal dopamine system so much that it overrode inhibitory control of selection mechanisms or conditioning effects, leading to an increase in unconditioned responding.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Phasic dopamine signals should be distinguished from tonic signals and may be critically involved in associative learning between environmental stimuli and internal states, between stimuli and actions and between actions and consequences.

    “Secondly, those phasic dopamine signals should be distinguished from tonic signals and may be critically involved in associative learning between environmental stimuli and internal states, between stimuli and actions and between actions and consequences (Fig. 14).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The way those signals change in a learning task fits well with the Rescorla-Wagner equation or temporal-difference models.

    “The way those signals change in a learning task is found to fit well with the Rescorla-Wagner equation (Rescorla and Wagner, 1972) or, more recently, temporal-difference models (Sutton and Barto, 1981)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Rescorla and Wagner, 1972

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Sutton and Barto, 1981

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The present variation-selection hypothesis offers a mechanism for understanding how ventral striatal dopamine is involved in incentive salience.

    “The present variation-selection hypothesis offers a mechanism for understanding how ventral striatal dopamine is involved in incentive salience.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Previous experience with repeated administration of amphetamine has essentially the same effect on incentive salience attribution as intra-shell administration of amphetamine.

    “Wyvell and Berridge (2001) further found that previous experience with repeated administration of amphetamine has essentially the same effect on incentive salience attribution as intra-shell administration of amphetamine.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wyvell and Berridge (2001) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    These differential functions may partly arise from the ways in which ventromedial striatal dopamine stimulates its target receptors.

    “These differential functions may partly arise from the ways in which ventromedial striatal dopamine stimulates its target receptors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    These electrophysiological signals are correlates of incentive stimuli during reward-seeking tasks, and the functional significance of these signals is not clearly understood.

    “First, these electrophysiological signals are correlates of incentive stimuli during reward-seeking tasks, and the functional significance of these signals is not clearly understood.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Tonically high levels of extracellular dopamine may be responsible for heightened drive states.

    “Tonically high levels of extracellular dopamine may be responsible for heightened drive states.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Dopaminergic neurons in the ventral midbrain respond to incentive stimuli as if their signals are conveying discrepancies between the expectation of a reward and the actual result.

    “They found that those neurons respond to incentive stimuli as if their signals are conveying discrepancies between the expectation of a reward (with respect to timing and magnitude) and the actual result.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Schultz (1998; 2002)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The meso-ventromedial striatal dopamine system may participate in not only the positive mood state (a-process), but also the negative mood state (b-process).

    “The meso-ventromedial striatal dopamine system may participate in not only the positive mood state (a-process), but also the negative mood state (b-process).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Phasic dopamine signals in the ventromedial striatum and the accumbens core may be important in associative learning, stimulus-outcome and stimulus-action learning, respectively.

    “Phasic dopamine signals in the ventromedial striatum and the accumbens core may be important in associative learning, stimulus-outcome and stimulus-action learning, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    Midbrain dopaminergic neurons encode a prediction error between the actual and predicted rewards.

    “Therefore, it is suggested that midbrain dopaminergic neurons encode a prediction error between the actual and predicted rewards.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Latencies of firing of dopamine neurons in relation to reward-related stimuli may be too short to signal rewards.

    “Latencies of firing of dopamine neurons in relation to reward-related stimuli may be too short to signal rewards (Redgrave et al., 1999).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Redgrave et al., 1999

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Increased ventromedial striatal dopamine energizes responding, while activities in the ventrolateral and dorsal striatum interacting with cortical regions guide responding toward novel, salient and conditioned stimuli.

    “Increased ventromedial striatal dopamine energizes responding, while activities in the ventrolateral and dorsal striatum interacting with cortical regions guide responding toward novel, salient and conditioned stimuli.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Phasic dopamine signals may be involved in associative learning by enabling salient stimuli to be associated with internal states and actions, and actions to be associated with consequences.

    “Phasic dopamine signals, therefore, may be involved in associative learning by enabling salient stimuli to be associated with internal states and actions, and actions to be associated with consequences.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The present experiment used small injections confined to small areas within the ventral striatum, whereas Swanson used large injections affecting the entire nucleus accumbens, which may have affected sites outside the nucleus such as the diagonal band.

    “First, the present experiment utilized small injections confined in small areas within the ventral striatum, while Swanson used large injections affecting the entire nucleus accumbens, which may have affected sites outside of the nucleus such as the diagonal band.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Swanson (1982) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The functions of accumbens core are likely somewhat different from those of the lateral shell and lateral tubercle.

    “The functions of accumbens core are likely somewhat different from those of the lateral shell and lateral tubercle.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    It was not always easy to determine co-expression between TH and FG because of interference by overlapping TH immunofluorescent cells in the VTA.

    “Third, it was not always easy to determine co-expression between TH and FG, because of interference by overlapping TH immunofluorescent cells in the VTA (Fig. 19).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    The reward function may be regulated differently from drive and stimulus-outcome associative effects by the magnitude and speed of change in ventromedial striatal dopamine levels.

    “The reward function may be regulated differently from drive and stimulus-outcome associative effects by the magnitude and speed of change in ventromedial striatal dopamine levels.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Lateral hypothalamic stimulation is rewarding when its duration is short (0.4 sec), whereas it elicits escape responses when its duration is several seconds or longer, suggesting that the onset of stimulation is involved in reward and the continuation is not.

    “Also, lateral hypothalamic stimulation is rewarding when its duration is short (0.4 sec), whereas it elicits escape responses when its duration is several seconds or longer, suggesting that the onset of stimulation is involved in reward and the continuation of the stimulation is not (Bower and Miller, 1958).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bower and Miller, 1958

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The two dopaminergic systems discussed in the paper are thought to be integral parts of the general SEEKING system that has evolved from mechanisms underlying basic activities such as hunting and gathering energy sources and avoiding predators.

    “Although drug reward was the focus of the present review, the two dopaminergic systems discussed in the paper are thought to be integral parts of the general SEEKING system (Panksepp, 1998) that has evolved from mechanisms underlying basic activities such as hunting and gathering energy sources and avoiding predators.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Panksepp, 1998

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Based on cellular connection data, the functions of the lateral shell and lateral olfactory tubercle are expected to be somewhat similar, but not identical.

    “Based on cellular connection data, the functions of the two regions are expected to be somewhat similar, but not identical.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The meso-ventromedial striatal dopamine system regulates states of mind/body interaction (or action-arousal), incentive learning and activities of the basal ganglia, which then participate in selection to shape unconditioned responding into adaptive conditioned responding.

    “Accordingly, the meso-ventromedial striatal dopamine system regulates states of mind/body interaction (or action-arousal), incentive learning and activities of the basal ganglia, which then participate in selection to shape unconditioned responding into adaptive conditioned responding.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The majority of FG-positive cells projecting from the ventral midbrain to the ventral striatum appear to be dopaminergic, whereas the vast majority of FG-positive cells in the parafasciculus retroflexus area projecting to the diagonal band appear to be non-dopaminergic.

    “In any case, the majority of FG-positive cells projecting from the ventral midbrain to the ventral striatum appear to be dopaminergic, whereas the vast majority of FG-positive cells in the parafasciculus retroflexus area projecting to the diagonal band appear to be non-dopaminergic.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Phasic dopamine signals are important for stimulus-outcome association involving aversive stimuli, tonic changes of dopamine from a basal level to a low level trigger a negative affective state, and tonically low basal dopamine levels result in depression-like symptoms.

    “These observations may be explained by hypotheses that phasic dopamine signals are important for stimulus-outcome association involving aversive stimuli, that tonic changes of dopamine from a basal level to a low level trigger a negative affective state, and that tonically low basal dopamine levels result in depression-like symptoms (Willner, 1983).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Willner, 1983 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The greater the positive velocity in dopamine receptor binding in the ventral striatum induced by psychomotor stimulants, the greater the subjective effect of high.

    “As mentioned above, the greater the positive velocity in dopamine receptor binding in the ventral striatum induced by the administration of psychomotor stimulants, the greater the subjective effect of “high” (Volkow et al., 1999; 2002).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Volkow et al., 1999 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Volkow et al., 2002 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Dysregulated interactions of this dopamine system with other closely-related systems may lead to mood disorders and various types of addiction.

    “Dysregulated interactions of this dopamine system with other closely-related systems may lead to mood disorders and various types of addiction.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    The striatal zone is by far the largest in the tubercle.

    “However, the striatal zone is by far the largest in the tubercle.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Intravenous administration establishes robust conditioned place preference at much lower doses than slower intraperitoneal or subcutaneous administration.

    “Studies in rats found that intravenous administration, which delivers drugs into the brain in seconds (Mateo et al., 2004; Heien et al., 2005; Stuber et al., 2005), establishes robust conditioned place preference at much lower doses than slower intraperitoneal or subcutaneous administration (Spyraki et al., 1982b; Nomikos and Spyraki, 1988; Sellings and Clarke, 2003), which delivers drugs into the”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Spyraki et al., 1982b

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Nomikos and Spyraki, 1988

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Sellings and Clarke, 2003

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    TH is a specific marker for dopaminergic neurons in the ventral midbrain, because dopamine-β-hydroxylase, the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine, is not found in this area.

    “TH is a specific maker for dopaminergic neurons in the ventral midbrain, because dopamine-β-hydroxylase, the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine, is not found in this area (Swanson and Hartman, 1975).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Swanson and Hartman, 1975

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The precise boundaries of the VTA are difficult to determine.

    “As discussed above, the precise boundaries of the VTA are difficult to determine.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The meso-ventromedial striatal dopamine system is hypothesized to be a critical component of the basic processes regulating mood states and allowing organisms to engage in effortful activities.

    “The meso-ventromedial striatal dopamine system is hypothesized to be a critical component of the basic processes regulating mood states and allowing organisms to engage in effortful activities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Both the meso-ventromedial and ventrolateral striatal dopamine systems are part of the hierarchically organized basal ganglia.

    “Both the meso-ventromedial and ventrolateral striatal dopamine systems are part of the hierarchically organized basal ganglia.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Slight overlaps in the locations of the labeled neurons between the diagonal band and medial tubercle and between the diagonal band and medial shell may be explained by either minor diffusions of the tracers into each other or the existence of transition zones between them.

    “Slight overlaps in the locations of the labeled neurons between the diagonal band and medial tubercle and between the diagonal band and medial shell may be explained by either minor diffusions of the tracers into each other or the existence of transition zones between them.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The meso-limbic dopamine system has been implicated in motivated behavior triggered by aversive stimuli.

    “The meso-limbic dopamine system has been implicated in motivated behavior triggered by aversive stimuli (Salamone, 1994; Ikemoto and Panksepp, 1999; Pezze and Feldon, 2004).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Salamone, 1994 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Ikemoto and Panksepp, 1999 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Pezze and Feldon, 2004

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The experimental procedures were identical to those of the Ikemoto study (2003), except for response contingencies.

    “These experimental procedures were identical to those of the Ikemoto study (2003), except for response contingences.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ikemoto, 2003

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The present study focused on limited anatomical dimensions and did not examine other important anatomical dimensions.

    “The present study focused on limited anatomical dimensions and did not examine other important anatomical dimensions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The data were square root transformed to maintain homogeneity of variance because they highly varied.

    “The data highly varied and, thus, were square root transformed to maintain homogeneity of variance.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The present study did not examine anteroposterior differences of the ventral striatum in dopaminergic projection.

    “The present study did not examine antero-posterior differences of the ventral striatum in dopaminergic projection.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    The present observations are consistent with the finding that leucine and proline application confined within the anterolateral VTA anterogradely labeled axon terminals predominantly in the accumbens core, lateral accumbens shell, and lateral olfactory tubercle (Beckstead et al., 1979).

    “These observations are consistent with the finding that leucine and proline application confined within the anterolateral VTA anterogradely labeled axon terminals predominantly in the accumbens core, lateral accumbens shell and lateral olfactory tubercle (Beckstead et al., 1979).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Beckstead et al., 1979 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Midbrain projections to the ventral striatum are primarily unilateral.

    “previous studies indicated that midbrain projections to the ventral striatum are primarily unilateral (Fallon and Moore, 1978; Nauta et al., 1978; Beckstead et al., 1979; Phillipson and Griffiths, 1985; Brog et al., 1993).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Fallon and Moore, 1978

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Nauta et al., 1978

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Beckstead et al., 1979 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The anterior and posterior olfactory tubercle may differ with respect to responses to psychomotor stimulants.

    “The anterior and posterior olfactory tubercle may also differ with respect to responses to psychomotor stimulants (Ikemoto, 2002; 2003).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Ikemoto, 2002

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Ikemoto, 2003

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Anatomical and functional differences between the anterior and posterior ventral striatum have been reported for the nucleus accumbens in particular.

    “In fact, anatomical and functional differences between the anterior and posterior ventral striatum have been reported by many researchers for the nucleus accumbens in particular (e.g., Fallon and Moore, 1978; Voorn and Docter, 1992; Zahm and Brog, 1992; Reynolds and Berridge, 2002; Zangen et al., 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Fallon and Moore, 1978

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Voorn and Docter, 1992

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Zahm and Brog, 1992 source

      Not checked in the free run.

257 of 257

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The variation-selection hypothesis of striatal functional organization correctly describes how the medial and lateral projection systems differ in goal-directed learning.

    “as described in the variation-selection hypothesis of striatal functional organization.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The central linear nucleus provides heavy dopaminergic inputs to the ventromedial striatum.

    “The central linear nucleus, into which rats quickly learn to self-administer nicotine or the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol (Ikemoto et al., 1998; Ikemoto et al., 2006), provides heavy dopaminergic inputs to the ventromedial striatum.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Associative learning depends on temporal contiguity.

    “because in most cases associative learning depends on temporal contiguity*.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Motivation and affect concern tonic states.

    “because motivation and affect concern tonic states.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The meso-ventromedial striatal dopamine system is sensitized by regulatory imbalances and activated when animals detect incentive stimuli and especially when procurement of reward is uncertain.

    “This dopamine system is sensitized by regulatory imbalances (e.g., hunger) and activated when animals detect incentive stimuli and especially when procurement of reward is uncertain.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The reinforcement concept holds that behavioral response leading to drug delivery is reinforced by the direct pharmacological actions of the drug, and contingent drug delivery is essential for learning self-administration.

    “It is generally assumed that behavioral response leading to drug delivery is reinforced by the direct pharmacological actions of the drug, and contingent drug delivery is thought to be essential for learning self-administration.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The medial olfactory tubercle serves similar functions to the medial shell.

    “The loss of medial shell function may be compensated during the “recovery” period (typically a week or more) from surgery by remaining mechanisms including the medial olfactory tubercle, which serves similar functions to the medial shell.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Retrograde tracer FG deposits confined to a region are taken up by neurons projecting to that region and do not spread to adjacent regions or fibers of passage in a way that confounds the labeling.

    “FG deposits in fourteen rats were found in in-between regions including core-dorsal striatum (n = 1), core-medial shell (n = 3), medial shell-medial tubercle (n = 5), medial shell-diagonal band (n = 3), medial tubercle-diagonal band (n = 1), and ventral shell-lateral tubercle (n = 1); the sections from these rats were studied, but not included for analysis.”
8 of 8

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • ANOVA outcome is described as both infusion rate and lever-press rate

    Minor

    The results say the ANOVAs tested lever-press rates, but the methods say they tested infusion rates. Infusion rates were set by the response-independent delivery schedule, so these are different outcomes.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. Brog, 1993, The patterns of afferent innervation of the core and shell in the “accumbens” part of the rat ventral striatum: immunohistochemical detection of retrogradely transported Fluoro-Gold, J. Comp. Neurol., 338, 255, 10.1002/cne.903380209 · DOI · Paper page
  2. Brown, 1968, Autoshaping of the pigeon's keypeck, J. Exp. Anal. Psychol., 11, 1
  3. Swanson, 1987, The hypothalamus, vol. 5, 1

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Ikemoto, S.
Affiliations
National Institutes of Health (US)
Corresponding author
Ikemoto, Satoshi
ORCID
Ikemoto, Satoshi
Venue
Brain Research Reviews
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2007-11
Volume
56
Issue
1
Pages
27-78
ISSN
0165-0173 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.05.004
PMC
PMC2134972
OpenAlex
W1980571433
Semantic Scholar
71fd298e83023e51e98e7a8c3d5342890b87a632
Cited by
1,477
References
391
Citations by year
2026: 43 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 82 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 85 · 2018: 92 · 2017: 99 · 2016: 85 · 2015: 94 · 2014: 97 · 2013: 116 · 2012: 84
FWCI
5.68
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Brain Research Reviews (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (Z01DA000480, Z01DA000439)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Keywords
mesolimbic dopamine system, ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, ventral striatum, reward, cocaine, amphetamine, nicotine, opiates, goal-directed learning, arousal, rats
MeSH terms
Central Nervous System Stimulants, Animals, Brain Mapping, Cocaine, Dopamine, Efferent Pathways, Fluorescent Dyes, Immunohistochemistry, Male, Models, Neurological, Nucleus Accumbens, Olfactory Pathways, Psychotropic Drugs, Reward, Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, Rats, Wistar, Ventral Tegmental Area, Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors, Rats

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-09.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.

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