Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 694

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Thalamic Abnormalities in Schizophrenia Visualized Through Magnetic Resonance Image Averaging

Andreasen, Nancy C., Arndt, Stephan, Swayze, Victor, Cizadlo, Ted, Flaum, Michael, O'Leary, Daniel, Ehrhardt, James C., Yuh, William T. C.·1994·Science
DOI 10.1126/science.7939669
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Schizophrenia is a complex illness characterized by multiple types of symptoms involving many aspects of cognition and emotion. Most efforts to identify its underlying neural substrates have focused on a strategy that relates a single symptom to a single brain region. An alternative hypothesis, that the variety of symptoms could be explained by a lesion in midline neural circuits mediating attention and information processing, is explored. Magnetic resonance images from patients and controls were transformed with a "bounding box" to produce an "average schizophrenic brain" and an "average normal brain." After image subtraction of the two averages, the areas of difference were displayed as an effect size map. Specific regional abnormalities were observed in the thalamus and adjacent white matter. An abnormality in the thalamus and related circuitry explains the diverse symptoms of schizophrenia parsimoniously because they could all result from a defect in filtering or gating sensory input, which is one of the primary functions of the thalamus in the human brain.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1126/science.7939669

Cites

2 of 2 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 2 references

Research works printed but not linked: 42

  1. ANDREASEN, N, STRUCTURAL ABNORMALITIES IN THE FRONTAL SYSTEM IN SCHIZOPHRENIA - A MAGNETIC-RESONANCE-IMAGING STUDY, ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY 43: 136 (1986). · DOI · Paper page
  2. ANDREASEN, N.C., MAGNETIC-RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE BRAIN IN SCHIZOPHRENIA - THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC SIGNIFICANCE OF STRUCTURAL ABNORMALITIES, ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY 47: 35 (1990). · DOI · Paper page
  3. ANDREASEN, N.C., THE COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF SYMPTOMS AND HISTORY (CASH) - AN INSTRUMENT FOR ASSESSING DIAGNOSIS AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY, ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY 49: 615 (1992). · DOI · Paper page
  4. ANDREASEN, N.C., HYPOFRONTALITY IN NEUROLEPTIC-NAIVE PATIENTS AND IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC-SCHIZOPHRENIA - ASSESSMENT WITH XE-133 SINGLE-PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED-TOMOGRAPHY AND THE TOWER OF LONDON, ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY 49: 943 (1992). · DOI · Paper page
  5. ANDREASEN, N.C., IMAGE-PROCESSING FOR THE STUDY OF BRAIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION - PROBLEMS AND PROGRAMS, JOURNAL OF NEUROPSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCES 4: 125 (1992). · DOI · Paper page
  6. ANDREASEN, N.C., VOXEL PROCESSING TECHNIQUES FOR THE ANTEMORTEM STUDY OF NEUROANATOMY AND NEUROPATHOLOGY USING MAGNETIC-RESONANCE-IMAGING, JOURNAL OF NEUROPSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCES 5: 121 (1993). · DOI
  7. ANDREASEN, N.C., TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING SULCAL GYRAL PATTERNS IN THE BRAIN AS VISUALIZED THROUGH MAGNETIC-RESONANCE SCANNING - BRAINPLOT AND BRAINMAP, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 91: 93 (1994).
  8. ARNDT, S, NEUROIMAGE 1: 191 (1994). · DOI
  9. BARTA, P.E., AUDITORY HALLUCINATIONS AND SMALLER SUPERIOR TEMPORAL GYRAL VOLUME IN SCHIZOPHRENIA, AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 147: 1457 (1990). · DOI · Paper page
  10. BAUMER, H, JOURNAL FUR HIRNFORSCHUNG 1: 157 (1954).
  11. BENES, F.M., AN ANALYSIS OF THE ARRANGEMENT OF NEURONS IN THE CINGULATE CORTEX OF SCHIZOPHRENIC-PATIENTS, ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY 44: 608 (1987). · DOI · Paper page
  12. BENES, F.M., DEFICITS IN SMALL INTERNEURONS IN PREFRONTAL AND CINGULATE CORTICES OF SCHIZOPHRENIC AND SCHIZOAFFECTIVE PATIENTS, ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY 48: 996 (1991). · DOI · Paper page
  13. BOGERTS, B, RECENT ADVANCES IN THE NEUROPATHOLOGY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA, SCHIZOPHRENIA BULLETIN 19: 431 (1993). · DOI · Paper page
  14. BRAFF, D.L., INFORMATION-PROCESSING AND ATTENTION DYSFUNCTIONS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA, SCHIZOPHRENIA BULLETIN 19: 233 (1993). · DOI · Paper page
  15. BUCHSBAUM, M.S., THE FRONTAL LOBES, BASAL GANGLIA, AND TEMPORAL LOBES AS SITES FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA, SCHIZOPHRENIA BULLETIN 16: 379 (1990). · DOI · Paper page
  16. CARLSSON, M, SCHIZOPHRENIA - A SUBCORTICAL NEUROTRANSMITTER IMBALANCE SYNDROME, SCHIZOPHRENIA BULLETIN 16: 425 (1990). · DOI · Paper page
  17. Cohen, G., Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 45: 33 (1992). · DOI
  18. EVANS, A.C., ANATOMICAL-FUNCTIONAL CORRELATION USING AN ADJUSTABLE MRI-BASED REGION OF INTEREST ATLAS WITH POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY, JOURNAL OF CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW AND METABOLISM 8: 513 (1988). · DOI
  19. EVANS, A.C., NEUROIMAGE 1: 43 (1992). · DOI · Paper page
  20. Flaum M. American Journal of Psychiatry in press.
  21. FRISTON, K.J., FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY - THE PRINCIPAL-COMPONENT ANALYSIS OF LARGE (PET) DATA SETS, JOURNAL OF CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW AND METABOLISM 13: 5 (1993). · DOI
  22. FRITH, C.D., A PET STUDY OF WORD FINDING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGIA 29: 1137 (1991). · DOI · Paper page
  23. Goldman-Rakic, P. S., Brain Research: The Prefrontal Cortex--Its Structure, Function, and Pathology: 325 (1990).
  24. GUR, R.E., NEUROIMAGING IN SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH, SCHIZOPHRENIA BULLETIN 19: 337 (1993). · DOI
  25. HOLZMAN, P.S., SMOOTH PURSUIT EYE-MOVEMENTS, ATTENTION, AND SCHIZOPHRENIA, ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY 33: 1415 (1976). · DOI
  26. JONES, E.G., BRAIN 93: 793 (1970). · DOI · Paper page
  27. Jones E. G. The Thalamus (1985). · DOI · Paper page
  28. KARSON, C.N., CHOLINE-ACETYLTRANSFERASE IN SCHIZOPHRENIA, AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 150: 454 (1993). · DOI
  29. KLEIST, K, JOURNAL OF MENTAL SCIENCE 106: 246 (1960). · DOI
  30. LESCH, A, THE DIENCEPHALON IN SCHIZOPHRENIA - EVIDENCE FOR REDUCED THICKNESS OF THE PERIVENTRICULAR GREY-MATTER, EUROPEAN ARCHIVES OF PSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 234: 212 (1984).
  31. LIDDLE, P.F., PATTERNS OF CEREBRAL BLOOD-FLOW IN SCHIZOPHRENIA, BRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 160: 179 (1992). · DOI · Paper page
  32. MCGHIE, A, BRITISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY 34: 103 (1961). · DOI · Paper page
  33. Pakkenberg, B., Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 85 137: 20 (1992). · DOI
  34. 10.1038/331585a0 · DOI · Paper page
  35. PETRIDES, M, PROJECTIONS TO THE FRONTAL-CORTEX FROM THE POSTERIOR PARIETAL REGION IN THE RHESUS-MONKEY, JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY 228: 105 (1984). · DOI · Paper page
  36. POSNER, M.I., EFFECTS OF PARIETAL INJURY ON COVERT ORIENTING OF ATTENTION, JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE 4: 1863 (1984). · DOI · Paper page
  37. SHENTON, M.E., ABNORMALITIES OF THE LEFT TEMPORAL-LOBE AND THOUGHT-DISORDER IN SCHIZOPHRENIA - A QUANTITATIVE MAGNETIC-RESONANCE-IMAGING STUDY, NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 327: 604 (1992). · DOI · Paper page
  38. STEVENS, J.R., ANATOMY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA, ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY 29: 177 (1973). · DOI · Paper page
  39. TREFF, W. M., JOURNAL FUR HIRNFORSCHUNG 4: 314 (1958).
  40. VOLKOW, N.D., J CEREB BLOOD FLOW M 5: 199 (1985).
  41. WEINBERGER, D.R., PHYSIOLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION OF DORSOLATERAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX IN SCHIZOPHRENIA .1. REGIONAL CEREBRAL BLOOD-FLOW EVIDENCE, ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY 43: 114 (1986). · DOI · Paper page
  42. WORSLEY, K.J., A 3-DIMENSIONAL STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS FOR CBF ACTIVATION STUDIES IN HUMAN BRAIN, JOURNAL OF CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW AND METABOLISM 12: 900 (1992). · DOI · Paper page

Cited by

See all 694

Metadata

Authors
Andreasen, N. C., Arndt, S., Swayze, V., Cizadlo, T., Flaum, M., O'Leary, D., Ehrhardt, J. C., & Yuh, W. T. C.
Venue
Science
Publisher
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Published
1994-10-14
Volume
266
Issue
5183
Pages
294-298
ISSN
  • 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
  • 1095-9203
DOI
10.1126/science.7939669
OpenAlex
W2155752633
Cited by
694
References
2
FWCI
33.96
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Thalamic Abnormalities in Schizophrenia Visualized Through Magnetic Resonance Image Averaging. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1126/science.7939669
The paper
Andreasen, N. C., Arndt, S., Swayze, V., Cizadlo, T., Flaum, M., O'Leary, D., Ehrhardt, J. C., & Yuh, W. T. C. (1994). Thalamic Abnormalities in Schizophrenia Visualized Through Magnetic Resonance Image Averaging. Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7939669

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.