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Generation of multiphoton entangled quantum states by means of integrated frequency combs
Open accessAbstract
Entangled frequency combs: The ability to generate optical frequency combs in which the output light is made up of millions of sharp lines precisely spaced apart has been important for optical applications and for fundamental science. Reimer et al. now show that frequency combs can be taken into the quantum regime. They took individual teeth of the combs and quantum-mechanically entangled them to form complex optical states. Because the method is compatible with existing fiber and semiconductor technology, the results demonstrate a possible scalable and practical platform for quantum technologies. Science , this issue p. 1176
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Integrated Kerr frequency combs in a CMOS-compatible microring resonator generate broadband time-bin entangled photon pairs and four-photon entangled states via spontaneous four-wave mixing. The platform produces high-visibility two-photon entanglement and four-photon interference, with state tomography showing 96% fidelity for two-photon qubits and 64% for four-photon states.
Key findings
- The microring resonator had a Q-factor of about 240,000, 803 MHz linewidth, and 200 GHz free spectral range, emitting photons across the S, C, and L ITU bands from 1470 to 1620 nm with pair production rates of 0.02–0.04 pairs per pulse.
- Time-bin entangled qubits were generated across comb resonances; five selected channel pairs showed raw quantum-interference visibilities above 0.824, violating the CHSH/Bell-like inequality, and background-corrected visibilities above 93.2%.
- Four-photon time-bin entangled states were generated by selecting two signal-idler pairs; at 1.5 mW pump power, a quadruple detection rate of 0.17 Hz was measured, corresponding to a calculated generation rate of 135 kHz, with four-photon interference visibility of 89%.
- Quantum state tomography gave a two-photon fidelity of 96% and a four-photon fidelity of 64%; after adding 40 km of fiber, the two-photon fidelity was 87%.
Methods
- The source was a four-port microring resonator in CMOS-compatible high-refractive-index glass, pumped by a 16.8 MHz repetition-rate mode-locked fiber laser filtered to a single ring resonance at 1556.2 nm with 570 ps pulses.
- Photon pairs were generated by spontaneous four-wave mixing; time-bin entanglement was created by passing the pump through a stabilized unbalanced fiber interferometer with an 11.4 ns delay, producing double pulses with a defined relative phase.
- Entanglement was characterized by quantum interference measurements with signal and idler interferometers, Bell-like inequality violation, four-photon interference, and quantum state tomography.
Limitations
- The paper states that the demonstrated multi-photon entangled states are separable, generated as a product of bi-photon Bell states, and that non-separable multi-photon cluster states would require multiple excitation fields or controlled phase gates.
- The four-photon fidelity of 64% was obtained without compensation for background noise or interferometer imperfections, and system/detection losses were 14.75 dB.
- The text notes spectral asymmetry from Raman scattering, which could be reduced by cooling the chip, and that further device integration could reduce size and losses; the current setup uses fiber-connected components rather than a single chip.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition to confirming time-bin entanglement, the quantum interference also reveals the phasecharacteristic of the nonlinear generation process.”
§ Generation of multi-photon entangled quantum states via integrated frequency combs > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It can be clearly seen that a very broad frequency comb of photons is emitted, covering the full S, C, and L International Telecommunication Union (ITU) bands (wavelengths ranging from 1470 to 1620 nm).”
§ Generation of multi-photon entangled quantum states via integrated frequency combs > Abstract
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In the paper
“This requirement is intrinsically fulfilled through the resonant characteristics (i.e.equal resonance bandwidths) of the ring cavity in combination with the excitation scheme described above.”
§ Generation of multi-photon entangled quantum states via integrated frequency combs > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By selecting two different signal-idler pairs we can generate two-photon qubit states given by |Ψ , ⟩ = It is worth mentioning that for the generation of a four-photon state, the coherence length of both generated photon pairs has to be the same and matched to the excitation field's coherence time.”
§ Generation of multi-photon entangled quantum states via integrated frequency combs > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Our quantum frequency comb is generated in a CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) compatible high refractive index glass in a four-port microring resonator architecture (details on device fabrication and characteristics are presented in (21)).”
§ Generation of multi-photon entangled quantum states via integrated frequency combs > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21]
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In the paper
“We demonstrate that optical integrated Kerr frequency combs can be used to generate several bi-as well as multiphoton entangled qubits, which can find direct applications in quantum communication and computation.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“Here we show the parallel generation of bi-and multi-photon entangled states in a compact integrated quantum frequency comb source.”
§ Generation of multi-photon entangled quantum states via integrated frequency combs > Abstract
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In the paper
“The weak and anomalous dispersion of our device enables broadband phase matching for spontaneous Four-Wave Mixing (SFWM), generating a broad frequency comb of photons emitted at the cavity resonances.”
§ Generation of multi-photon entangled quantum states via integrated frequency combs > Abstract
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In the paper
“This pump configuration transforms the originally single-mode photon pairs into entangled states, where the photons are in a superposition of two temporal modes.”
§ Generation of multi-photon entangled quantum states via integrated frequency combs > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After subtracting the measured background (also shown in Fig. 3), the visibility is found to be above 93.2% on all channel pairs (top inset in Fig. 1).”
§ Generation of multi-photon entangled quantum states via integrated frequency combs > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Furthermore, we repeated the four-photon measurement by selecting different combinations of four modes, always finding four-photon entanglement, see Fig. S3 and (21) for more details.”
§ Generation of multi-photon entangled quantum states via integrated frequency combs > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21]
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 23
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
In the paper
“We selected 5 different frequency channel pairs within the ITU C band (marked in Fig. 1), and recorded quantum interference with raw visibilities above 0.824 > 1/√2 ≈ 0.71 (top inset of Fig. 1, and Fig. 3) thus confirming entanglement through the violation of the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (Bell-like) inequality (27).”
§ Generation of multi-photon entangled quantum states via integrated frequency combs > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [27]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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In the paper
“We repeated the two-photon tomography measurement after adding 40 km of fiber, measuring a fidelity of 87% (Fig. S4, and (21) for more details), demonstrating that the entanglement is still preserved after long fiber propagation.”
§ Generation of multi-photon entangled quantum states via integrated frequency combs > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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In the paper
“For the four-photon entangled state (Fig. 4C,D), we obtained a fidelity of 64% without compensation for background noise or interferometer imperfections, which is comparable to the fidelity measured for non-integrated four-photon states used for practical applications (3).”
§ Generation of multi-photon entangled quantum states via integrated frequency combs > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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In the paper
“We first measure the two-photon qubits generated on comb lines symmetric with respect to the pump wavelength (Fig. 4A,B) and find a fidelity of 96%, confirming that the generated quantum states are of high quality and very close to the ideal entangled state.”
§ Generation of multi-photon entangled quantum states via integrated frequency combs > Abstract
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In the paper
“The ring resonator's high Q-factor of around 240,000 (803 MHz linewidth, and 200 GHz free spectral range, see Fig. S1) allows for high field-enhancement and low-power operation, while simultaneously enabling the direct generation of bright and narrow-bandwidth photons, without the need for spectral filtering of the photons (22,23).”
§ Generation of multi-photon entangled quantum states via integrated frequency combs > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [22]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [23]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to the broad phase-matching condition, achieved through the close-to-zero waveguide dispersion, the emitted comb exhibits a flat and broadband spectrum with uniform pair production rates, ranging from 0.02 to 0.04 pairs per pulse, over the full measured comb.”
§ Generation of multi-photon entangled quantum states via integrated frequency combs > Abstract
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Setting the pump power to 1.5 mW, a quadruple detection rate of 0.17 Hz was measured, leading to a calculated generation rate of 135 kHz -by taking into account the system and detection losses of 14.75 dB.”
§ Generation of multi-photon entangled quantum states via integrated frequency combs > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our data clearly follows the expected relation, having a visibility of 89% without compensation for background noise or losses.”
§ Generation of multi-photon entangled quantum states via integrated frequency combs > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most importantly, these entangled qubits are generated over all the microring resonances, thus leading to a quantum frequency comb of time-bin entangled photon pairs.”
§ Generation of multi-photon entangled quantum states via integrated frequency combs > Abstract
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A key characteristic of our quantum frequency comb is the intrinsic and simultaneous operation at many modes, the high-purity photon pairs as well as high quality bi-and multi-photon entanglement shared among these modes, and an intrinsic compatibility with fiber technology.”
§ Generation of multi-photon entangled quantum states via integrated frequency combs > Abstract
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In the paper
“We note that the pulses are directly filtered by the resonator, resulting in a perfect match between the spectral bandwidth of the pump pulses and the excited resonator mode.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · boosted
“This in turn leads to the generation of pure single-mode photons per resonance (13), confirmed by single photon auto-correlation measurements (Fig. S2; see (21) for further details).”
§ Generation of multi-photon entangled quantum states via integrated frequency combs > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · boosted
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In the paper
“Here we show that this phase dependency is also manifested at the single photon level with a clear difference between second-and third-order nonlinear interactions.”
§ Generation of multi-photon entangled quantum states via integrated frequency combs > Abstract
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In the paper
“For the resonances closest to the excitation frequency a photon coincidence rate of 340 Hz was measured, leading to an estimated pair production rate of 302 kHz per channel (0.018 pairs per double pulse), accounting for system and detection losses of 14.75 dB (see (21) for more details).”
§ Generation of multi-photon entangled quantum states via integrated frequency combs > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21]
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In the paper
“For example, the source can be implemented into both single-photon as well as entanglement-based quantum communication protocols.”
§ Generation of multi-photon entangled quantum states via integrated frequency combs > Abstract
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In the paper
“The temporal separation of the two pulses can be arbitrarily chosen as long as it is larger than the temporal duration of the single photons, thus offering significant flexibility.”
§ Generation of multi-photon entangled quantum states via integrated frequency combs > Abstract
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In the paper
“Indeed, this phase dependency has been well described in theory (28) and has been exploited, for example, in optical squeezing (29).”
§ Generation of multi-photon entangled quantum states via integrated frequency combs > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [28]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [29]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“Due to these features, it can find versatile and immediate applications such as quantum communications and quantum computation.”
§ Generation of multi-photon entangled quantum states via integrated frequency combs > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our method is compatible with contemporary fiber and quantum memory infrastructures, as well as chip-scale semiconductor technology, enabling compact, low-cost, and scalable implementations.”
§ Generation of multi-photon entangled quantum states via integrated frequency combs > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The integrated Kerr frequency comb platform is compatible with quantum memory infrastructures.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is worth mentioning that for the generation of a four-photon state, the coherence length of both generated photon pairs has to be the same and matched to the excitation field's coherence time.”
§ Generation of multi-photon entangled quantum states via integrated frequency combs > Abstract
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In the paper
“In contrast, for photons generated through SFWM (as we do in this work), quantum interference is expected to be of the form 1 -𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 + 𝛽 -2𝜑) for degenerate SFWM, or 1 -𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 + 𝛽 -𝜑 , -𝜑 .) for non-degenerate SFWM, where 𝜑 ,,. are the phases of the two pump fields (21).”
§ Generation of multi-photon entangled quantum states via integrated frequency combs > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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In the paper
“In third-order nonlinear processes, however, two photons generate the quantum state, enabling an additional control parameter (i.e. the relative phase between the two photons, in turn much easier to control).”
§ Generation of multi-photon entangled quantum states via integrated frequency combs > Abstract
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In the paper
“To demonstrate an entangled quantum frequency comb, we chose time-bin entanglement, which among several intrinsic advantages, is particularly suitable for information processing and transmission (25) because of its robustness (e.g. with respect to polarization fluctuations), and thus can be preserved even over long propagation distances in standard fiber networks (26).”
§ Generation of multi-photon entangled quantum states via integrated frequency combs > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [25]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [26]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
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In the paper
“A very realistic decrease in losses by 5 dB would already increase the four-photon detection rate by a factor of one hundred, while an achievable loss reduction of 10 dB would increase it to the very useful kHz range.”
§ Generation of multi-photon entangled quantum states via integrated frequency combs > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: A 5 dB reduction in losses is realistic and a 10 dB reduction is achievable.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our results indicate that integrated quantum frequency comb sources based on third-order nonlinearities can open up new venues for the generation and control of complex quantum states, thus providing a scalable and practical platform for optical quantum information processing.”
§ Generation of multi-photon entangled quantum states via integrated frequency combs > Abstract
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In the paper
“Furthermore, two-photon time-bin entangled qubits have successfully been used for linear universal quantum computation (4,25), and the parallel generation and processing of multiple qubits can directly enhance such protocols, where the information capacity scales with the number of comb lines used, as theoretically predicted (25).”
§ Generation of multi-photon entangled quantum states via integrated frequency combs > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [4]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Indeed, four-photon cluster states have been used to demonstrate measurementbased quantum computation (3).”
§ Generation of multi-photon entangled quantum states via integrated frequency combs > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further device integration of the frequency comb will lead to more compact and stable systems with higher performance in terms of detection rates.”
§ Generation of multi-photon entangled quantum states via integrated frequency combs > Abstract
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
The integrated Kerr frequency comb platform is compatible with quantum memory infrastructures.
“Our method is compatible with contemporary fiber and quantum memory infrastructures, as well as chip-scale semiconductor technology, enabling compact, low-cost, and scalable implementations.”
The paper relies on this without support.
A 5 dB reduction in losses is realistic and a 10 dB reduction is achievable.
“A very realistic decrease in losses by 5 dB would already increase the four-photon detection rate by a factor of one hundred, while an achievable loss reduction of 10 dB would increase it to the very useful kHz range.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Four-photon measurement is assigned two different Fig. 3 panels
MinorThe setup description directs readers to Fig. 3E for the four-photon measurements, but the Fig. 3 caption identifies panel F as the four-photon measurement.
“For the four-photon measurements (see Fig.3Eand Fig.4C-D), four frequency modes symmetric to the excitation field are collected and passed through the interferometers.”
“F) Four-photon entanglement measurement with all photon phases tuned simultaneously, showing clear four-photon quantum interference with a visibility of 89%.”
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
On-chip generation of high-dimensional entangled quantum states and their coherent control
Kues, M., Reimer, C., Roztocki, P., Cortés, L. R., Sciara, S., Wetzel, B., Zhang, Y., Cino, A., Chu, S. T., Little, B. E., et al. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature22986 · Cited by 1,177
Self-citationKues, M., Reimer, C., Lukens, J. M., Munro, W. J., Weiner, A. M., Moss, D. J., & Morandotti, R. (2019) · Nature Photonics · doi:10.1038/s41566-019-0363-0 · Cited by 697
Self-citationAdvances in high-dimensional quantum entanglement
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RF Photonics: An Optical Microcombs’ Perspective
Wu, J., Xu, X., Nguyen, T. G., Chu, S. T., Little, B. E., Morandotti, R., Mitchell, A., & Moss, D. (2018) · IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics · doi:10.1109/jstqe.2018.2805814 · Cited by 624
“Its success as a nonlinear optics platform [30], [41], [52], [73], [101], [102] can be attributed to its ultralow linear loss (∼5 − 7 dB·m−1), a sufficiently high nonlinear parameter (∼ 233 W−1·km−1 , 200 times that of standard single-mode telecommunication fibres), and in”
BackgroundSelf-citationHigh-dimensional one-way quantum processing implemented on d-level cluster states
Reimer, C., Sciara, S., Roztocki, P., Islam, M., Romero Cortés, L., Zhang, Y., Fischer, B., Loranger, S., Kashyap, R., Cino, A., et al. (2019) · Nature Physics · doi:10.1038/s41567-018-0347-x · Cited by 617
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Reimer, C., Kues, M., Roztocki, P., Wetzel, B., Grazioso, F., Little, B. E., Chu, S. T., Johnston, T., Bromberg, Y., Caspani, L., Moss, D. J., & Morandotti, R.
- Affiliations
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (CA)
- University of Sussex (GB)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- City University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Yale University (US)
- RMIT University (AU)
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Reimer, Christian
- Kues, Michael
- Moss, David J.
- Morandotti, Roberto
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2016-03-11
- Volume
- 351
- Issue
- 6278
- Pages
- 1176-1180
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2316306129
- Semantic Scholar
- d26c9cf67937ee49f2c33eb30077a9a0e6eebcc3
- Cited by
- 841
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 101 · 2023: 129 · 2022: 99 · 2021: 132 · 2020: 100 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 16
- FWCI
- 48.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- repo.uni-hannover.de
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Institutional Repository of Leibniz Universität Hannover (Leibniz Universität Hannover) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Institutional Repository of Xi'an Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Xian Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- IrInSubria (University of Insubria) (submittedVersion)
- Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Leibniz Universität Hannover
- Funders
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)
- Australian Research Council
- FRQNT (Fonds de Recherche du Quebec–Nature et Technologies)
- Research Executive Agency (REA) (625466)
- REA (627478)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Advanced Fiber Laser Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum optics and atomic interactions
- Keywords
- multi-photon entanglement, entangled qubits, photon pair generation, integrated photonics, quantum communication, quantum computing, quantum memory
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-23, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-23 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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