On-chip generation of high-dimensional entangled quantum states and their coherent control
Open accessAbstract
Optical quantum states based on entangled photons are essential for solving questions in fundamental physics and are at the heart of quantum information science. Specifically, the realization of high-dimensional states (D-level quantum systems, that is, qudits, with D > 2) and their control are necessary for fundamental investigations of quantum mechanics, for increasing the sensitivity of quantum imaging schemes, for improving the robustness and key rate of quantum communication protocols, for enabling a richer variety of quantum simulations, and for achieving more efficient and error-tolerant quantum computation. Integrated photonics has recently become a leading platform for the compact, cost-efficient, and stable generation and processing of non-classical optical states. However, so far, integrated entangled quantum sources have been limited to qubits (D = 2). Here we demonstrate on-chip generation of entangled qudit states, where the photons are created in a coherent superposition of multiple high-purity frequency modes. In particular, we confirm the realization of a quantum system with at least one hundred dimensions, formed by two entangled qudits with D = 10. Furthermore, using state-of-the-art, yet off-the-shelf telecommunications components, we introduce a coherent manipulation platform with which to control frequency-entangled states, capable of performing deterministic high-dimensional gate operations. We validate this platform by measuring Bell inequality violations and performing quantum state tomography. Our work enables the generation and processing of high-dimensional quantum states in a single spatial mode.
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Using time and frequency encodings, Imany et al. and Kues et al. demonstrated two-qudit gates acting on photons generated via SFWM in a microring resonator.
“Using time and frequency encodings (figure 30), both Imany et al [233] and Kues et al [234] demonstrated two-qudit gates acting on photons generated via SFWM in a microring resonator.”
From 2022 Roadmap on integrated quantum photonics (2022) · cites this paper as [234]
The paper reports SFWM generation of frequency-entangled photon pairs in a microring resonator and basic frequency-domain gate operations for coherent control (Abstract; page unavailable). It describes independent projection measurements on the signal and idler photons, not a demonstrated two-qudit gate; it also does not describe time encoding as part of those gate operations. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMore recent interest in the field was spurred by the generation of two-photon quantum frequency combs in CMOS-compatible optical microresonators.
“More recent interest in the field was spurred by the generation of two-photon quantum frequency combs in CMOS-compatible optical microresonators [234,240].”
From 2022 Roadmap on integrated quantum photonics (2022) · cites this paper as [234]
The Abstract (page unavailable) reports generating frequency-entangled photon pairs across multiple resonances of an integrated microring, supporting the two-photon frequency-comb aspect. The Methods (page unavailable) identify the resonator as high-refractive-index glass, but the passages do not establish CMOS compatibility or say that this generation spurred wider interest. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Kues, M., Reimer, C., Roztocki, P., Cortés, L. R., Sciara, S., Wetzel, B., Zhang, Y., Cino, A., Chu, S. T., Little, B. E., Moss, D. J., Caspani, L., Azaña, J., & Morandotti, R.
- Affiliations
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (CA)
- University of Sussex (GB)
- University of Palermo (IT)
- City University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Swinburne University of Technology (AU)
- University of Strathclyde (GB)
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Kues, Michael
- Morandotti, Roberto
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2017-06
- Volume
- 546
- Issue
- 7660
- Pages
- 622-626
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2729982732
- Semantic Scholar
- 29cb0cddef897ef6de00408e7c5b161347069a8d
- Cited by
- 1,177
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 72 · 2025: 101 · 2024: 149 · 2023: 184 · 2022: 154 · 2021: 168 · 2020: 158 · 2019: 106 · 2018: 77 · 2017: 8
- FWCI
- 56.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion)
- Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde) (acceptedVersion)
- Sussex Research Online (University of Sussex) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Espace ÉTS (ETS) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Institutional Repository of Xi'an Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Xian Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- IrInSubria (University of Insubria) (submittedVersion)
- Nova Science Publishers (Nova Science Publishers, Inc.) (submittedVersion)
- Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission (625466, 656607)
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum optics and atomic interactions
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Orbital Angular Momentum in Optics
- Keywords
- high-dimensional entanglement, qudits, frequency-entangled photons, integrated photonics, four-wave mixing, Bell inequality violation, quantum state tomography, quantum imaging, quantum information processing
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