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Science of science
Open accessAbstract
The whys and wherefores of SciSci: The science of science (SciSci) is based on a transdisciplinary approach that uses large data sets to study the mechanisms underlying the doing of science—from the choice of a research problem to career trajectories and progress within a field. In a Review, Fortunato et al. explain that the underlying rationale is that with a deeper understanding of the precursors of impactful science, it will be possible to develop systems and policies that improve each scientist's ability to succeed and enhance the prospects of science as a whole. Science , this issue p. eaao0185
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“the cumulative nature of scientific research [12] makes the knowledge ecosystem vulnerable to perpetuating errors [13], [14]”
From LLM hallucinations in the wild: Large-scale evidence from non-existent citations (2026) · cites this paper as [12]
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“Specifically, we believe that practices fundamental to the business models of paper mills leave a collaboration fingerprint that can be identified using techniques familiar to the ‘Science of Science’12.”
From Identifying fabricated networks within authorship-for-sale enterprises (2024) · cites this paper as [12]
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“, 2011, 2021) and also indicators of scientific research activity (Fortunato et al., 2018) have developed in parallel but remain relatively disconnected.”
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“…and diffusion to support best practices of research policy directed to a fruitful evolution of science having a positive societal impact (cf., Fortunato et al., 2018; Coccia, 2018, 2018a-b, 2019, 2019a-e, 2020, 2020a-c, 2021, 2022; Coccia et al., 2015, 2023; Coccia & Rolfo, 2008; Coccia &…”
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“Yet an increasing number of studies show that, through a range of mechanisms, effectiveness is enhanced when working in connected, rather than diffuse, ways (Boudreau et al., 2016; Fortunato et al., 2018; Guimera et al., 2005; Uzzi et al., 2013).”
BackgroundAcademic mentees thrive in big groups, but survive in small groups
Xing, Y., Ma, Y., Fan, Y., Sinatra, R., & Zeng, A. (2025) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-025-02114-8 · Cited by 17
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“For the subsequent t − 1 years, we referenced the research conducted by Fortunato et al. [58], assuming that the number of topics covered by articles is proportionate to the number of unique terms contained in their titles.”
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“…large-scale sample of media articles produced in the news media ecosystem mentioning a speci fi c set of universities using methods of computational social science (Ahonen, 2015; Ding et al., 2020; Lazer et al., 2009; Oh et al., 2020) applied to the science of science (Fortunato et al., 2018).”
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“These network structures therefore influence the content, output, and performance of those involved in its boundaries (Fortunato et al. 2018 ).”
A hybrid human–AI tool for scientometric analysis
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“The remarkable growth in the number of publications per year (Fortunato et al. 2018), increasing intersections between research domains (e.g., technology and law, digital economy, biomedical engineering), and the diversity of stakeholders involved in research projects (e.g., universities,…”
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“Incentives in the form of material rewards can be used to motivate reviewers (Copiello, 2018; García et al. 2022), but this approach relies heavily on a sustainable economic foundation, especially as the number of submitted manuscripts grows exponentially (Fortunato et al. 2018).”
Meta-synthesis reveals interconnections among apparent drivers of insect biodiversity loss
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“Such established ideas can receive more scientific attention because they are seen as more likely to be funded and published, per-petuating further research in the same areas rather than encouraging researchers to pursue novel research directions (Fortunato et al. 2018 ).”
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“In addition, Fortunato and co-workers [2] also denoted that large teams tend to achieve a short-lived impact.”
BackgroundInfluentialInfluence Flowers of Academic Entities
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“They enable us to take a scientific approach to study the structure, the evolutions and the societal impacts of science itself at a scale that is unimaginable only a decade ago (Fortunato et al., 2018).”
BackgroundThe Future of Fundamental Science Led by Generative Closed-Loop Artificial Intelligence
Zenil, H., Tegner, J. N., Abrahão, F. S., Lavin, A., Kumar, V., Frey, J. G., Weller, A., Soldatova, L., Bundy, A., Jennings, N. R., et al. (2023) · Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford) · doi:10.3389/frai.2026.1678539
“However, genuine understanding requires more than accumulation; it demands interpretation—an awareness of the semantic, social, and epistemic structures that govern how knowledge is produced and used (Fortunato et al., 2018).”
Self-citationCoevolution of COVID-19 research and China’s policies
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Same-gender citations do not indicate a substantial gender homophily bias
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“At the same time, citation analysis can help scholars understand the development trend of specific disciplines and the frontier of science (Liu et al. 2021a; Fortunato et al. 2018).”
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“…exponential increase in the number of authors per paper—known as authorship inflation or author inflation—particularly over the past decade in fields such as psychology, neuroscience, cell biology, and medicine (Fortunato et al. 2018; Lin and Lu 2023; Rao et al. 2022; Tilak, Prasad, and Jena 2015).”
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“It is particularly prominent in the natural sciences and relatively less pronounced in the Humanities and Social Sciences (HSS).”
InfluentialGrowth of science in activated sludge modelling – a critical bibliometric review
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“knowledge is fundamentally a network in which advancement in some fields depends on work in other areas [42], [44] and the essential debate centers on whether the variation derived from”
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“Over time, both the number and the ratio of multinational publications have been on the rise (Fortunato, Bergstrom et al., 2018).”
BackgroundVital, A., & Amancio, D. R. (2022) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-022-04484-6 · Cited by 13
“Studying the individual citation behavior of particular interest because it can reveal the emergence of individual citation patterns (Radicchi et al. 2009; Fortunato et al. 2018).”
BackgroundFollow the leader: Documents on the leading edge of semantic change get more citations
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“The number of citations a document receives has long been used as a proxy for the impact and influence of scientific articles (Fortunato et al., 2018), legal opinions (Fowler et al., 2007), as well as researchers and scientific trends (Borner et al., 2004).”
BackgroundNature, Science, and PNAS: disciplinary profiles and impact
Milojević, S. (2020) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-020-03441-5 · Cited by 14
Self-citationHeterogeneous Knowledge Learning of Predictive Academic Intelligence in Transportation
Lü, H., Zhu, Y., Lin, Q., Wang, T., Niu, Z., & Herrera‐Viedma, E. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2020.3041904 · Cited by 14
Gender bias in patenting process
Yukai, W. A. N. G., Yang, Z., Liu, L., & Wang, X. (2020) · Journal of Informetrics · doi:10.1016/j.joi.2020.101046 · Cited by 13
Charting mobility patterns in the scientific knowledge landscape
Singh, C. K., Tupikina, L., Lécuyer, F., Starnini, M., & Santolini, M. (2024) · EPJ Data Science · doi:10.1140/epjds/s13688-024-00451-8 · Cited by 17
“With the exponential growth in the number of authors and publications [4, 5], novel methods are needed to represent and provide insights into knowledge development.”
BackgroundLi, M., & Wang, Y. (2024) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-024-04973-w · Cited by 17
“Interdisciplinary Measuring topic diversity within the reference list serves as a common approach to quantify a paper’s interdisciplinary level (Fortunato et al., 2018; Leydesdorff et al., 2019).”
Mapping philanthropic support of science
Shekhtman, L., Gates, A. J., & Barabási, A.-Ĺ. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-58367-2 · Cited by 13
Self-citationYe, C., Lin, S.-F., Li, J., Meng, P., Huang, L., & Li, D. (2024) · Bioorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107505 · Cited by 14
Spatiotemporal mobility network of global scientists, 1970–2020
Liu, T., Pei, T., Fang, Z., Wu, M., Liu, X., Yan, X., Song, C., Jiang, J., Jiang, L., & Chen, J. (2024) · International Journal of Geographical Information Systems · doi:10.1080/13658816.2024.2369540 · Cited by 13
“The study of scientific mobility networks can provide spatiotemporal insights into the mechanisms of scientific development in theory (Fortunato et al .”
Unraveling topic switching and innovation in science
Yang, A. J. (2025) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2025.104171 · Cited by 18
Forecasting high-impact research topics via machine learning on evolving knowledge graphs
Gu, X., & Krenn, M. (2025) · Machine Learning Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/2632-2153/add6ef · Cited by 31
“As we see an explosion in the number of scientific articles [1–4], it becomes increasingly challenging for researchers to find new impactful research directions beyond their own expertise.”
BackgroundAnalyzing the relationship between text features and grants productivity
Tohalino, J. A. V., Quispe, L. V. C., & Amancio, D. R. (2021) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-021-03926-x · Cited by 14
Bornmann, L., Guns, R., Thelwall, M. A., & Wolfram, D. (2021) · Quantitative Science Studies · doi:10.1162/qss_e_00121 · Cited by 16
Scientometric review of Web 3.0
Kukreja, D., Gupta, S., Patel, D., & Rai, J. N. (2023) · Journal of Information Science · doi:10.1177/01655515231182073 · Cited by 13
“According to Fortunato et al. [26], scientometrics is the science of science.”
LitVis: a visual analytics approach for managing and exploring literature
Tian, M., Li, G., & Yuan, X. (2023) · Journal of Visualization · doi:10.1007/s12650-023-00941-3 · Cited by 15
Highly clustered complex networks in the configuration model: Random regular small-world network
Jeong, W., Jang, H., & Yu, U. (2019) · Europhysics Letters (EPL) · doi:10.1209/0295-5075/128/16001 · Cited by 13
Stoeger, T., & Amaral, L. A. N. (2022) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3001520 · Cited by 10
Soft Marginal TransE for Scholarly Knowledge Graph CompletionPreprint
Nayyeri, M., Vahdati, S., Lehmann, J., & Yazdi, H. S. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1904.12211 · Cited by 13
“In the past decade, the importance of this topic and intangible interest on analyzing scholarly metadata from different research fields such as natural, computational and social science has emerged the “Science of Science” concept (SciSci) [5].”
BackgroundAdaptability and the Pivot Penalty in SciencePreprint
Hill, R., Yin, Y., Stein, C., Wang, D., & Jones, B. F. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3886142 · Cited by 16
Self-citationMethods for measuring social and conceptual dimensions of convergence science
Petersen, A. M., Arroyave, F. J., & Pavlidis, I. T. (2023) · Research Evaluation · doi:10.1093/reseval/rvad020 · Cited by 13
Self-citationWords as Gatekeepers: Measuring Discipline-specific Terms and Meanings in Scholarly Publications
Lucy, L., Dodge, J., Bamman, D., & Keith, K. A. (2023) · Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL (Findings of ACL) · doi:10.18653/v1/2023.findings-acl.433 · Cited by 14
Living Papers: A Language Toolkit for Augmented Scholarly Communication
Heer, J., Conlen, M., Devireddy, V., Nguyen, T., & Horowitz, J. (2023) · ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST) · doi:10.1145/3586183.3606791 · Cited by 21
“These efforts enable large-scale search and sciento-metric analysis [17]; however, robust and flexible tools for content extraction and reuse remain out of reach for many researchers.”
BackgroundA network coupling approach to detecting hierarchical linkages between science and technology
Meng, K., Ba, Z., Ma, Y., & Li, G. (2023) · Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.24847 · Cited by 12
“…the BA scale-free network is consistent with the coupling characteristics of the selected S&T network in the energy conservation domain, also proving that the real S&T network is more similar to the BA scale-free network with the presence of core subnetworks or nodes (Fortunato et al., 2018).”
How does aggregation‐induced emission aggregate interdisciplinary research?
Zhu, J., & Jiang, X. (2023) · Aggregate · doi:10.1002/agt2.451 · Cited by 13
Metadata
- Authors
- Fortunato, S., Bergstrom, C. T., Börner, K., Evans, J. A., Helbing, D., Milojević, S., Petersen, A. M., Radicchi, F., Sinatra, R., Uzzi, B., Vespignani, A., Waltman, L., Wang, D., & Barabási, A.-L.
- Affiliations
- Indiana University Bloomington (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- University of Chicago (US)
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- University of California, Merced (US)
- Northeastern University (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Leiden University (NL)
- Center for Network Science, Central European University, Budapest 1052, Hungary.
- Corresponding author
- Fortunato, Santo
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2018-03-02
- Volume
- 359
- Issue
- 6379
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC5949209
- OpenAlex
- W2793071066
- Cited by
- 1,497
- References
- 113
- Citations by year
- 2026: 222 · 2025: 223 · 2024: 223 · 2023: 197 · 2022: 164 · 2021: 180 · 2020: 126 · 2019: 113 · 2018: 43
- FWCI
- 22.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- IUScholarWorks Open (Indiana University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH Office of the Director (P01 AG039347, U01CA198934, IIS-0910664)
- NSF Office of the Director (NCSE 1538763, EAGER1566393, NCN CP Supplement 1553044)
- AFOSR (FA9550-15-1-0077, FA9550-15-1-0162, FA9550-17-1-0089)
- European Commission (641191)
- Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-15-1-0364)
- Army Research Office (W911NF-15-1-0577)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Library and Information Sciences › scientometrics and bibliometrics research
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management of Technology and Innovation › Research, Science, and Academia
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
- Keywords
- science of science, research output, science policy, scientific careers, research funding, research frontiers
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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