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Science of science
Open accessAbstract
The whys and wherefores of SciSci: The science of science (SciSci) is based on a transdisciplinary approach that uses large data sets to study the mechanisms underlying the doing of science—from the choice of a research problem to career trajectories and progress within a field. In a Review, Fortunato et al. explain that the underlying rationale is that with a deeper understanding of the precursors of impactful science, it will be possible to develop systems and policies that improve each scientist's ability to succeed and enhance the prospects of science as a whole. Science , this issue p. eaao0185
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“the cumulative nature of scientific research [12] makes the knowledge ecosystem vulnerable to perpetuating errors [13], [14]”
From LLM hallucinations in the wild: Large-scale evidence from non-existent citations (2026) · cites this paper as [12]
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“Specifically, we believe that practices fundamental to the business models of paper mills leave a collaboration fingerprint that can be identified using techniques familiar to the ‘Science of Science’12.”
From Identifying fabricated networks within authorship-for-sale enterprises (2024) · cites this paper as [12]
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Perry, S., Carter, A. J., Foster, J. G., Nöbel, S., & Smolla, M. (2022) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-012121-012127 · Cited by 9
Nguyen, B. X., Luczak–Roesch, M., & Dinneen, J. D. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1905.12834 · Cited by 5
“7). Hence, ways to measure IRC are a focus of bibliometrics and informetrics research. Many datasets are available to measure IRC and other facets of what has been framed as the “Science of Science” (Fortunato et al., 2018), but it has also been shown that performing the same measurement procedure on different dataset…”
Science of Cloud and Climate Science: An Analysis of the Literature Over the Past 50 Years
Sullivan, S. C., & Hoose, C. (2023) · Geophysical monograph · doi:10.1002/9781119700357.ch1 · Cited by 5
Lemaitre, J. C., Popelka, D., Ribotta, B., Westlake, H. E., Chakrabarti, S., Li, X., Hanson, M. A., Jiang, H., Cara, F. D., Kurant, E., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.07.07.663460 · Cited by 5
“Indeed, the field of metascience - the scientific investigation of science itself - is gaining popularity (Fortunato et al., 2018).”
Ao, W., Sheng, L., Ruan, X., Lyu, D., Li, J., & Cheng, Y. (2025) · Journal of Informetrics · doi:10.1016/j.joi.2025.101657 · Cited by 5
Systematic mapping and bibliometric analysis of meta-analyses on animal cognition
Mizuno, A., Lagisz, M., Pollo, P., Guillette, L. M., Soma, M., & Nakagawa, S. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106342 · Cited by 5
Quantifying spatial–temporal citation diffusion of individual papers in knowledge space
Zhang, S., Liu, F., & Xia, H. (2025) · Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.70021 · Cited by 4
“However, the citation dynamics of individual papers is a spatiotemporal process, involving temporal citation accumulation and spatial citation diffusion within the knowledge space (Fortunato et al., 2018; Zeng et al., 2017).”
New scientific fields are triggered by powerful new methods
Krauß, A. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-05797-6 · Cited by 6
“Beyond new tools, there are supporting factors that can help in fl uence when a fi eld emerges – like funding (Stephan 2015), collaborations (Wu et al. 2019; Wang and Barabási 2021) and developments in other fi elds – but they cannot directly start a fi eld on their own.”
InfluentialPugh, K., Gyllingberg, L., Stratiev, S., & Hamis, S. (2025) · Bulletin of Mathematical Biology · doi:10.1007/s11538-025-01544-9 · Cited by 4
“These results follow general trends for life science publications (Rao et al. 2022) and science more broadly (Larivière et al. 2015; Fortunato et al. 2018).”
Rethinking scientific progress in the social sciences: disruptive or cumulative?
Newig, J., Rose, M., Aksoy, Z., Beaudoin, S., Bolognesi, T., Fritsch, O., Hegger, D. L. T., Hofmann, B., Jager, N. W., Kellner, E., et al. (2026) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2026.105451 · Cited by 12
Tripodi, G., Lillo, F., Mavilia, R., Mina, A., Chiaromonte, F., & Lamperti, F. (2024) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ad7479 · Cited by 4
Strategizing Originality for Technology Convergence: An Engineering Management Approach
Wipatkrut, P., & Su, H. (2024) · Engineering Management Journal · doi:10.1080/10429247.2024.2406124 · Cited by 4
“In the arts, humanities, and social sciences, originality is often associated with intellectual novelty, whereas in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), it is frequently judged based on its potential for publication (Fortunato et al., 2018).”
Dirksen, A., Gießler, S., Erz, H., Johns, M., & Fiebig, T. (2024) · New Security Paradigms Workshop · doi:10.1145/3703465.3703475 · Cited by 7
“…from the data the FEB Federation generates: (a) researchers themselves can reduce uncertainty before submitting a project for review; (b) the reviewers can draw on past decisions to inform themselves; and (c) disciplines such as Science of Science [38] will receive a new data source to learn from.”
Ni, C., & Hutchins, B. I. (2025) · Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.25009 · Cited by 7
“The number of authors contributing to the AD literature has risen even more sharply (Figure 1a), consistent with an increased number of authors per paper in biomedicine (Fortunato et al., 2018).”
Papageorgiou, G., Skamnia, E., & Εconomou, P. (2025) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery · doi:10.1002/widm.70016 · Cited by 5
“…its fragmented nature makes it difficult not only for the industry but also for researchers to keep up with state- of- the-art methods and techniques and take advantage of the most recent scientific discoveries and developments (Tennant et al. 2016; Fortunato et al. 2018; Clauset et al. 2017).”
Determination and characteristics of the most visible authors in multi-author publications
Li, X., Rousseau, R., & Jia, T. (2025) · Journal of Informetrics · doi:10.1016/j.joi.2025.101683 · Cited by 5
Catalán, G., Bella, C. M. D., Meli, P., de la Barrera, F., Vargas‐Gaete, R., Reyes-Riveros, R., Reyes‐Paecke, S., & Altamirano, A. (2025) · Urban Science · doi:10.3390/urbansci9090385 · Cited by 4
“…robust innovation systems, and mature Earth observation infrastructures that provide stable archives and user support, as seen in coordinated programs such as Copernicus and long-running Landsat missions, along with cloud platforms that enable scalable, transparent analysis [6,24,29,75–77].”
Exploring glass science and technology through enhanced SciGlass database ( SciGlass+ )
Zhao, Y., Chen, W., Tang, H., Zhao, Y., Liu, H., Min, Z., Luo, Y., Lu, J., Qu, J., Yang, R., et al. (2025) · Journal of the American Ceramic Society · doi:10.1111/jace.70393 · Cited by 5
Norton, J. M., & Star, R. A. (2020) · Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.2215/cjn.06570520 · Cited by 4
Person, T., Ruiz‐Rube, I., Mota, J. M., Cobo, M. J., Tselykh, A., & Dodero, J. M. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11125527 · Cited by 5
A network approach to expertise retrieval based on path similarity and credit allocation
Li, X., Verginer, L., Riccaboni, M., & Panzarasa, P. (2021) · Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination · doi:10.1007/s11403-020-00315-0 · Cited by 4
Multiscale Community Detection Using a Label Propagation-Based Clustering Method in Complex Networks
Zheng, X., Xing, D., Chen, K., Zhao, J., & Lu, Y. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3299289 · Cited by 4
“For example, in a scientific cooperation network, scientists belonging to the same community usually study similar scientific concepts or have common research interests [5].”
BackgroundAutomatically organizing papers in conference sessions using deep learning and network modeling
Gündoğan, E., & Kaya, M. (2023) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-023-17460-w · Cited by 4
“This sharing is very important in terms of scientific development and academic interaction [5, 11].”
Mutual Influence in Citation and Cooperation Patterns
Fu, C., Luo, H., Liang, X., Min, Y., Xuan, Q., & Chen, G. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems · doi:10.1109/tcss.2023.3325264 · Cited by 4
“Notably, these digitized data are collected and analyzed to support related works associated with the “science of science” [6], [7], [8].”
BackgroundRepairing the scaffolding: women authors in Paleobiology
Arens, N. C., Holguin, L., & Sandoval, N. (2023) · Paleobiology · doi:10.1017/pab.2023.32 · Cited by 4
“Citation is important academic capital (Pereira and Díaz 2016; Pereira 2017; Fortunato et al. 2018; Roper 2022), so we look specifically at first-author representation.”
BackgroundMedical researchers’ perceptions regarding research evaluation: a web-based survey in Japan
Minoura, A., Shimada, Y., Kuwahara, K., Kondo, M., Fukushima, H., & Sugiyama, T. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-079269 · Cited by 4
The increasing authorship trend in neuroscience: A scientometric analysis across 11 countries
Paul, A., Segreti, M., Pani, P., Brunamonti, E., & Genovesio, A. (2024) · IBRO Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ibneur.2024.05.012 · Cited by 5
“Finally, Fortunato et al. (2018) have shown that scientific teams are growing in size, with an average increase of 17 % per decade.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Fortunato, S., Bergstrom, C. T., Börner, K., Evans, J. A., Helbing, D., Milojević, S., Petersen, A. M., Radicchi, F., Sinatra, R., Uzzi, B., Vespignani, A., Waltman, L., Wang, D., & Barabási, A.-L.
- Affiliations
- Indiana University Bloomington (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- University of Chicago (US)
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- University of California, Merced (US)
- Northeastern University (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Leiden University (NL)
- Center for Network Science, Central European University, Budapest 1052, Hungary.
- Corresponding author
- Fortunato, Santo
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2018-03-02
- Volume
- 359
- Issue
- 6379
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC5949209
- OpenAlex
- W2793071066
- Cited by
- 1,497
- References
- 113
- Citations by year
- 2026: 222 · 2025: 223 · 2024: 223 · 2023: 197 · 2022: 164 · 2021: 180 · 2020: 126 · 2019: 113 · 2018: 43
- FWCI
- 22.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- IUScholarWorks Open (Indiana University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH Office of the Director (P01 AG039347, U01CA198934, IIS-0910664)
- NSF Office of the Director (NCSE 1538763, EAGER1566393, NCN CP Supplement 1553044)
- AFOSR (FA9550-15-1-0077, FA9550-15-1-0162, FA9550-17-1-0089)
- European Commission (641191)
- Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-15-1-0364)
- Army Research Office (W911NF-15-1-0577)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Library and Information Sciences › scientometrics and bibliometrics research
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management of Technology and Innovation › Research, Science, and Academia
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
- Keywords
- science of science, research output, science policy, scientific careers, research funding, research frontiers
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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