AI tools can improve equity in science

Tools such as ChatGPT threaten transparent science; here are our ground rules for their use

(2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-023-00191-1 · Cited by 605 · see citing works

Disadvantages in preparing and publishing scientific papers caused by the dominance of the English language in science: The case of Colombian researchers in biological sciences

Ramírez‐Castañeda, V. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238372 · Cited by 428 · see citing works

Preliminary evidence of linguistic bias in academic reviewing

Politzer‐Ahles, S., Girolamo, T. M., & Ghali, S. (2020) · Journal of English for Academic Purposes · doi:10.1016/j.jeap.2020.100895 · Cited by 157 · see citing works

Emergence of the metaverse and ChatGPT in journal publishing after the COVID-19 pandemic

Huh, S. Y. (2023) · Science Editing · doi:10.6087/kcse.290 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Poor English skills? New AIs help researchers to write better

Katsnelson, A. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-022-02767-9 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

The manifold costs of being a non-native English speaker in science

Amano, T., Ramírez‐Castañeda, V., Berdejo‐Espinola, V., Borokini, I. T., Chowdhury, S., Golivets, M., González‐Trujillo, J. D., Montaño‐Centellas, F. A., Paudel, K., White, R. L., et al. (2023) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3002184 · Cited by 415 · see citing works

The ethics of disclosing the use of artificial intelligence tools in writing scholarly manuscripts

Hosseini, M., Resnik, D. B., & Holmes, K. (2023) · Research Ethics · doi:10.1177/17470161231180449 · Cited by 253 · see citing works

Artificial Intelligence in studies—use of ChatGPT and AI-based tools among students in Germany

von Garrel, J., & Mayer, J. (2023) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-023-02304-7 · Cited by 236 · see citing works

Delving into LLM-assisted writing in biomedical publications through excess vocabulary

Kobak, D., González-Márquez, R., Horvát, E.-Á., & Lause, J. (2024) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2406.07016 · Cited by 214

Delving into LLM-assisted writing in biomedical publications through excess vocabulary

Kobak, D., González-Márquez, R., Horvát, E.-Á., & Lause, J. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adt3813 · Cited by 213 · see citing works

GPT, large language models (LLMs) and generative artificial intelligence (GAI) models in geospatial science: a systematic review

Wang, S., Hu, T., Huang, X., Li, Y., Zhang, C., Ning, H., Zhu, R., Li, Z., & Ye, X. (2024) · International Journal of Digital Earth · doi:10.1080/17538947.2024.2353122 · Cited by 121 · see citing works

How ChatGPT and other AI tools could disrupt scientific publishing

Conroy, G. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-023-03144-w · Cited by 121 · see citing works

How large language models can reshape collective intelligence

Burton, J. W., Lopez-Lopez, E., Hechtlinger, S., Rahwan, Z., Aeschbach, S., Bakker, M. A., Becker, J. A., Berditchevskaia, A., Berger, J., Brinkmann, L. U. L., et al. (2024) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-024-01959-9 · Cited by 124 · see citing works

Publication ethics in the era of artificial intelligence

Kocak, Z. (2024) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2024.39.e249 · Cited by 56 · see citing works

Human-AI collaboration to identify literature for evidence synthesis

Spillias, S., Tuohy, P., Andreotta, M., Annand-Jones, R., Boschetti, F., Cvitanovic, C., Duggan, J., Fulton, E. A., Karcher, D. B., Paris, C. L., et al. (2024) · Cell Reports Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.crsus.2024.100132 · Cited by 62 · see citing works

Exploring Chinese University Educators’ Acceptance and Intention to Use AI Tools: An Application of the UTAUT2 Model

Xu, S., Chen, P., & Zhang, G. (2024) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440241290013 · Cited by 54 · see citing works

Academic publishing requires linguistically inclusive policies

Arenas‐Castro, H., Berdejo‐Espinola, V., Chowdhury, S., Rodríguez‐Contreras, A., James, A. R. M., Raja, N. B., Dunne, E. M., Bertolino, S., Emídio, N. B., Derez, C. M., et al. (2024) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2023.2840 · Cited by 49 · see citing works

Harnessing generative artificial intelligence to support nature‐based solutions

Richards, D. R., Worden, D., Song, X. P., & Lavorel, S. (2024) · People and Nature · doi:10.1002/pan3.10622 · Cited by 44 · see citing works

Research writing with ChatGPT: A descriptive embodied practice framework

Pigg, S. (2024) · Computers & composition/Computers and composition · doi:10.1016/j.compcom.2024.102830 · Cited by 41 · see citing works

ChatGPT as an “author”: Bibliometric analysis to assess the validity of authorship

Nazarovets, S., & da Silva, J. A. T. (2024) · Accountability in Research · doi:10.1080/08989621.2024.2345713 · Cited by 37 · see citing works

Scientific publishing has a language problem

(2023) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-023-01679-6 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Autonomous LLM-Driven Research — from Data to Human-Verifiable Research Papers

Ifargan, T., Hafner, L., Kern, M., Alcalay, O., & Kishony, R. (2025) · NEJM AI · doi:10.1056/aioa2400555 · Cited by 34 · see citing works

ChatGPT applications in Academic Research: A Review of Benefits, Concerns, and Recommendations

AlZaabi, A., ALAmri, A., Albalushi, H., Aljabri, R., & AalAbdulsalam, A. (2023) · doi:10.1101/2023.08.17.553688 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

Beyond Traditional Teaching: The Potential of Large Language Models and Chatbots in Graduate Engineering EducationPreprint

Abedi, M., Alshybani, I., Shahadat, M., & Murillo, M. S. (2023) · Qeios · doi:10.32388/md04b0 · Cited by 41 · see citing works

Detecting Artificial Intelligence–Generated Versus Human-Written Medical Student Essays: Semirandomized Controlled Study

Doru, B., Maier, C., Busse, J. S., Lücke, T., Schönhoff, J., Enax‐Krumova, E., Hessler, S., Berger, M., & Tokic, M. C. (2025) · JMIR Medical Education · doi:10.2196/62779 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Will AI speed up literature reviews or derail them entirely?

Reynolds, S. A., Christie, A. P., Dicks, L. V., Jaffer, S., Madhavapeddy, A., Smith, R. K., & Sutherland, W. J. (2025) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-025-02069-w · Cited by 28 · see citing works

Language barriers in conservation: consequences and solutions

Amano, T., & Berdejo‐Espinola, V. (2024) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2024.11.003 · Cited by 28 · see citing works

A role for artificial intelligence chatbots in the writing of scientific articles

Vintzileos, A. M., Chavez, M. R., & Romero, R. J. (2023) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2023.03.040 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Ten simple rules for using large language models in science, version 1.0

Smith, G. R., Bello, C., Bialic‐Murphy, L., Clark, E. S., Delavaux, C. S., de Laurière, C. F., van den Hoogen, J., Lauber, T., Ma, H., Maynard, D. S., et al. (2024) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011767 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

Generative artificial intelligence (GAI) usage guidelines for scholarly publishing: a cross-sectional study of medical journals

Yin, S., Huang, S., Xue, P., Xu, Z., Lian, Z., Ye, C., Ma, S., Liu, M., Hu, Y., Lu, P., et al. (2025) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-025-03899-1 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

AI language tools risk scientific diversity and innovation

Nakadai, R., Nakawake, Y., & Shibasaki, S. (2023) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-023-01652-3 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Beyond Traditional Teaching: The Potential of Large Language Models and Chatbots in Graduate Engineering EducationPreprint

Abedi, M., Alshybani, I., Shahadat, M., & Murillo, M. S. (2023) · Qeios · doi:10.32388/md04b0.2 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Academic publishing requires linguistically inclusive policiesPreprint

Arenas‐Castro, H., Berdejo‐Espinola, V., Chowdhury, S., Rodríguez‐Contreras, A., James, A. R. M., Raja, N. B., Dunne, E. M., Bertolino, S., Emídio, N. B., Derez, C. M., et al. (2023) · doi:10.32942/x2ns3k · Cited by 19 · see citing works

The (mis)use of ChatGPT in science and education

Shaw, D., Morfeld, P., & Erren, T. C. (2023) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.15252/embr.202357501 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

ChatGPT and scientific papers in veterinary neurology; is the genie out of the bottle?

Abani, S., Volk, H. A., Decker, S. D., Fenn, J., Rusbridge, C., Charalambous, M., Gonçalves, R., Gutierrez‐Quintana, R., Loderstedt, S., Flegel, T., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2023.1272755 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Ten simple rules to leverage large language models for getting grants

Seckel, E., Stephens, B. Y., & Rodriguez, F. (2024) · PLOS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011863 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Living in a brave new AI era

(2023) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-023-01775-7 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Which features of AI-based tools are important for students? A choice-based conjoint analysis

von Garrel, J., & Mayer, J. (2024) · Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100311 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Marine information-seeking behaviours and AI chatbot impact on information discovery

Subaveerapandiyan, A., Kumar, R., & Prabhu, S. (2024) · Information Discovery and Delivery · doi:10.1108/idd-10-2023-0119 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Delving into PubMed records: some terms in medical writing have drastically changed after the arrival of ChatGPT

Matsui, K. (2024) · doi:10.1101/2024.05.14.24307373 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

From silicon to solutions: AI's impending impact on research and discovery

Markowitz, D. M., Boyd, R. L., & Blackburn, K. G. (2024) · Frontiers in Social Psychology · doi:10.3389/frsps.2024.1392128 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Exploring the change in scientific readability following the release of ChatGPT

Alsudais, A. (2025) · Journal of Informetrics · doi:10.1016/j.joi.2025.101679 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Delving Into PubMed Records: How AI-Influenced Vocabulary has Transformed Medical Writing since ChatGPT

Matsui, K. (2025) · Perspectives on Medical Education · doi:10.5334/pme.1929 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

The Controversy behind the Controversies: Scientific Discourse in the Twenty-First Century

Fahnestock, J. (2025) · Rhetoric Society Quarterly · doi:10.1080/02773945.2025.2484162 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Cross-lingual effects of AI-generated content on human work

Koo, W. W.-Y. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-16650-w · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Multiple approaches to advance health equity in nursing science: Recruitment, data, and dissemination

Wu, B., & Zhu, Z. (2024) · Nursing Outlook · doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2024.102343 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

To Improve Literacy, Improve Equality in Education, Not Large Language Models

Forbes, S. H., & Guest, O. (2025) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.70058 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Exploring nationwide patterns of sleep problems from late adolescence to adulthood using machine learning

Zucco, A. G., Drews, H. J., Uleman, J. F., Bhatt, S., & Rod, N. H. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adw1227 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

AI in peer review: can artificial intelligence be an ally in reducing gender and geographical gaps in peer review? A randomized trial

Teixeira, A. L. D. S. (2025) · Research Integrity and Peer Review · doi:10.1186/s41073-025-00182-y · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Large Language Models for Scientific Publishing: Please, Do Not Make Them a Foe

Rifai, N. (2024) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/hvad219 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

AI and the Everyday Writer

Laquintano, T., & Vee, A. (2024) · PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America · doi:10.1632/s0030812924000609 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Advantage of Using AI In Education to Enhance Learning: Review and Analysis

Panjabi, R., Al-Sa’di, A., & Ahmad, E. N. (2024) · DMIHER International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare, Education and Industry (IDICAIHEI) · doi:10.1109/idicaiei61867.2024.10842853 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Generative artificial intelligence in Journal of Biological Chemistry

Colbran, R. J., & Toker, A. (2023) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105008 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Essential questions in earth and geosciences according to large language models

Hatvani, I. G., Manfred Mudelsee, A., & Kern, Z. (2024) · Open Geosciences · doi:10.1515/geo-2022-0677 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Teachers’ Perception Towards Integration of Artificial Intelligence Tutoring-Based System in the School Curriculum: A Survey

Morenike, O. V. (2024) · E-Journal of Humanities Arts and Social Sciences · doi:10.38159/ehass.202451319 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Artificial Intelligence and Publishing Ethics: A Narrative Review and SWOT Analysis

Gurnal, P., & Rana, L. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.84098 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

A Prospectus on Generative Artificial Intelligence in Marine Ecosystem Modelling

Spillias, S. (2026) · Fish and Fisheries · doi:10.1111/faf.70037 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Can large language models assess the quality of peer review? An empirical study

Tang, Y., Kang, Y., Wu, S., Zhang, R., & Sun, Z. (2026) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-026-05622-0 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

GeoTraductores: A Collaborative Initiative Democratizing Science Communication in Latin America

Navarro-Pérez, D., Ramírez‐Salazar, A., Barragán‐Montilla, S., Arredondo, M. G., Rodríguez-Sepúlveda, N., Venturi, O., Marín, A. R., Correa, M. A. G., Micalizio, C.-S., & Bastien-Olvera, B. A. (2024) · Community Science · doi:10.1029/2023csj000070 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Optimizing the clinical adoption of total joint replacement of the lumbar spine through imaging, robotics and artificial intelligence

Humphreys, S. C., Block, J. E., Sivaganesan, A., Nel, L. J., Peterman, M., & Hodges, S. D. (2025) · Expert Review of Medical Devices · doi:10.1080/17434440.2025.2484252 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Artificial Intelligence for Research (AI4R): Knowledge Base and Impact

Yu, X., Xia, J., & Shen, Z. (2024) · International Conference on Intelligent Education and Intelligent Research (IEIR) · doi:10.1109/ieir62538.2024.10959986 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

CSL learners’ acceptance and use of ChatGPT: an extended technology readiness and technology acceptance model

Wei, W., Xu, Y., & Wang, Z. (2026) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-06452-w · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Multilingualism and international mental health research–The barriers for non-native speakers of English

de Girolamo, G., Calza, S., Clerici, M., D’Agostino, A., Ronchi, D. D., Fagiolini, A. M., Nicolò, G., Nobile, M., Raballo, A., Rucci, P., et al. (2024) · PLOS mental health. · doi:10.1371/journal.pmen.0000033 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Can Large Language Models Counter the Recent Decline in Literacy Levels? An Important Role for Cognitive Science

Huettig, F., & Christiansen, M. H. (2024) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.13487 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

This Article is Not Just in English

Burton‐Jones, A., Amano, T., Boyce, J. F., Chau, P. Y. K., Feng, J., Guzman, I. R., Järvenpää, S. L., Li, J. (., Namvar, M., Padmanabhan, B., et al. (2025) · AJIS. Australasian journal of information systems/AJIS. Australian journal of information systems/Australian journal of information systems · doi:10.3127/ajis.v29.5875 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

¿Sueñan las inteligencias artificiales con ser autoras?

Müller, O. M. (2023) · Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana · doi:10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/apl/a.13217 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Using generative artificial intelligence in chemistry education research: prioritizing ethical use and accessibilityPreprint

Deng, J. M., Lalani, Z., McDermaid, L. A., & Szozda, A. (2023) · ChemRxiv · doi:10.26434/chemrxiv-2023-24zfl · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Exorcising the ghost in the computer: ChatGPT, science publishing, and GenAI policy for Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology

Bakker, T. C. M., & Traniello, J. F. A. (2023) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-023-03416-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Assessing ChatGPT’s Influence on Productivity and Learning Outcomes in Higher Education: A Comprehensive Analysis

Yadav, J., Arora, S., & Kashyap, N. (2025) · International Conference on Computational Intelligence, Communication Technology and Networking (CICTN) · doi:10.1109/cictn64563.2025.10932635 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Opportunities, epistemological assessment and potential risks of machine learning applications in volcano science

López, M. Á., & Petrelli, M. (2025) · Artificial Intelligence in Geosciences · doi:10.1016/j.aiig.2025.100153 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Lessons from an AI-Sprint: a proposal for measuring human-AI cooperation in research

Wendering, L., Ratkovic, M., Gschwend, T., Schoenenberger, H., & Scaplehorn, N. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-06110-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

From bench to bot: A scientist’s guide to AI-powered writing

Requarth, T. (2023) · The Transmitter · doi:10.53053/fgvo5662 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Ortopedi ve travmatoloji araştırmalarında yapay zekâ uygulamaları: Doğal dil işleme potansiyeli

Köse, Ö., Yapar, D., & Boz, M. (2024) · Türk Ortopedi ve Travmatoloji Birliği Derneği · doi:10.5578/totbid.dergisi.2024.13 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Multilingualism in Scholarly Communication: How Far Can Technology Take Us and What Else Can We Do?

Bowker, L. (2024) · Journal of Electronic Publishing · doi:10.3998/jep.6262 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Integration and Innovation of Artificial Intelligence and Traditional English Translation Methods

Tang, H. (2024) · Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences · doi:10.2478/amns-2024-1575 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

A Study of the Combination of Semantic Understanding Enhancement Methods and Deep Learning Techniques in English Translation

Zhou, G. (2024) · Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences · doi:10.2478/amns-2024-1672

Bridging Language Barriers in COVID-19 Research: Descriptive Study of AccesoCovid.com’s Reach and User Engagement

Miguel, L. A., Forster, M., Gallalee, S., Carson, M. S., Fieldhouse, J. K., Keir, A., Maya, S., Rahman, S., Reid, M. J. A., Vasilopoulos, H., et al. (2024) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/53978

The Evolving Landscape of AI in Higher Education

Bowker, L. (2024) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83549-284-020241015

Machine Mentoring by Machine Learning: Setting a Research Agenda on How Human-AI Collaboration Can Trigger Knowledge and Bias Transmission

Vicente, L., & Cabitza, F. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-93838-2_5

Can the JUSTICE Framework Help Assess the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

Hulpke, J. F., Kelly, A., Lau, C., & Li, M. (2025) · Knowledge · doi:10.3390/knowledge5040028

Harnessing AI wisely for a more equitable world

Liu, Q., Guo, F. S., Guo, Z., Dong, Y., & Bryan, B. A. (2026) · 中国科学通报：英文版 · doi:10.1016/j.scib.2026.01.023

An Hourly Rolling Sea Fog Forecasting Model for Ningbo–Zhoushan Port Based on Dynamic Graph Neural Networks

Sun, J., Sun, Y., Qian, Y., Fang, Y., Wang, D., & Zhao, C. (2025) · 气象学报：英文版 · doi:10.1007/s13351-025-5068-3

On the makeup of high-impact reviews in ecology

Veresoglou, S. D., & Agathokleous, E. (2026) · Eco-Environment & Health · doi:10.1016/j.eehl.2026.100233

Scholarly Publishing as an Example of Modernity in Translation

Bowker, L. (2026) · Palgrave studies in translating and interpreting · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-92781-2_8

Accelerated use of artificial intelligence-associated vocabulary in Japanese surgical journals after 2023

Nakamura, S., Tada, K., Yamashita, Y., Inomata, N., Sakata, K., Ito, K., Kuroda, Y., Yoshizumi, F., Kouso, H., Iwaki, K., et al. (2026) · Surgery Today · doi:10.1007/s00595-026-03383-0

AI in transplantation: levelling the playing field and raising the methodological standards

Pilat, N., Bellini, M. I., Berney, T., & Aubert, O. (2026) · Transplant International · doi:10.3389/ti.2026.17015

Incorporation of generative AI into science communication education in multilingual environments

Qing, H. C., Melo, J. D., Freedman, L., & Andreopoulos, S. (2026) · Discover Education · doi:10.1007/s44217-026-01891-2

Declaring the machine: A disclosure policy on artificial intelligence for authors and reviewers

Iliescu, D., & Greiff, S. (2026) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2026.102060

Finding the Fingerprints of Generative Artificial Intelligence in Psychology Publications

Botes, E., Teuber, Z., Vitali, N., Dewaele, J., & Colling, J. (2026) · Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/25152459261472842 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Initial Indications of Generative AI Influence in Linguistics Research Abstracts: Evidence From a Large‐Scale Lexical Frequency Analysis Between 2018 and 2025

Botes, E., Dewaele, J., Colling, J., & Teuber, Z. (2026) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/modl.70094

Which ‘AI scientist’ suits your lab? A guide for the perplexed

Callaway, E. (2026) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-026-02091-6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

AI is changing how we do science. Get a glimpse

Staff, S. (2017) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aan7049 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Harnessing AI wisely for a more equitable world

Liu, Q., Guo, F. S., Guo, Z., Dong, Y., & Bryan, B. A. (2026) · 中国科学通报：英文版 · doi:10.1016/j.scib.2026.01.023

AI for science

(n.d.)

AI Will Raise the Bar

Blanco‐Rodríguez, R. (2026) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.22145127