Ribonuclease recruitment using a small molecule reduced c9ALS/FTD r(G 4 C 2 ) repeat expansion in vitro and in vivo ALS models
Open accessAbstract
Small-molecule recruitment of an endogenous nuclease rescues pathologies associated with c9ALS/FTD in vivo by targeting an RNA repeat expansion.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Incorporation of RNA-binding small molecules into a heterobifunctional design has afforded RIBOTACs that induce proximity between an RNA of interest and a ribonuclease to prompt RNA degradation.
“Moreover, incorporation of RNA-binding small-molecules into a heterobifunctional design has afforded ribonuclease targeting chimeras (RIBOTACs): small molecules that induce proximity between an RNA of interest and a ribonuclease to prompt RNA degradation.37−39”
From Advancing Targeted Protein Degradation via Multiomics Profiling and Artificial Intelligence (2023) · cites this paper as [39]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Development and testing of a general amber force field
Wang, J.-M., Wolf, R., Caldwell, J., Kollman, P., & Case, D. (2004) · Journal of Computational Chemistry · doi:10.1002/jcc.20035 · Cited by 18,318 · see citing works
Bayly, C. I., Cieplak, P., Cornell, W. D., & Kollman, P. A. (1993) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/j100142a004 · Cited by 8,152 · see citing works
DeJesus-Hernandez, M., Mackenzie, I. R., Boeve, B. F., Boxer, A. L., Baker, M., Rutherford, N. J., Nicholson, A. M., Finch, N. A., Flynn, H., Adamson, J., et al. (2011) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.09.011 · Cited by 4,936 · see citing works
A Hexanucleotide Repeat Expansion in C9ORF72 Is the Cause of Chromosome 9p21-Linked ALS-FTD
Renton, A. E., Majounie, E., Waite, A., Simón-Sánchez, J., Rollinson, S., Gibbs, J. R., Schymick, J. C., Laaksovirta, H., van Swieten, J. C., Myllykangas, L., et al. (2011) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.09.010 · Cited by 4,409 · see citing works
Self-citationMathews, D. H., Sabina, J., Zuker, M., & Turner, D. H. (1999) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1006/jmbi.1999.2700 · Cited by 3,795 · see citing works
Gradient-tailored excitation for single-quantum NMR spectroscopy of aqueous solutions
Piotto, M., Saudek, V., & Sklenář, V. (1992) · Journal of Biomolecular NMR · doi:10.1007/bf02192855 · Cited by 3,720 · see citing works
Hwang, T., & Shaka, A. J. (1995) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Series A · doi:10.1006/jmra.1995.1047 · Cited by 1,934 · see citing works
Mathews, D. H., Disney, M. D., Childs‐Disney, J. L., Schroeder, S. J., Zuker, M., & Turner, D. H. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0401799101 · Cited by 1,609 · see citing works
Self-citationCornell, W. D., Cieplak, P., Bayly, C. I., & Kollman, P. A. (1993) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja00074a030 · Cited by 1,413 · see citing works
The C9orf72 GGGGCC Repeat Is Translated into Aggregating Dipeptide-Repeat Proteins in FTLD/ALS
Mori, K., Weng, S., Arzberger, T., May, S., Rentzsch, K., Kremmer, E., Schmid, B., Kretzschmar, H. A., Cruts, M., Broeckhoven, C. V., et al. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1232927 · Cited by 1,248 · see citing works
Ash, P. E. A., Bieniek, K. F., Gendron, T. F., Caulfield, T. R., Lin, W.-L., DeJesus‐Hernandez, M., van Blitterswijk, M., Jansen‐West, K. R., Paul, J. W., Rademakers, R., et al. (2013) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.02.004 · Cited by 1,079 · see citing works
Self-citationInhibition of Rous sarcoma viral RNA translation by a specific oligodeoxyribonucleotide.
Stephenson, M. L., & Zamecnik, P. C. (1978) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.75.1.285 · Cited by 904 · see citing works
Grzesiek, S., & Bax, A. (1993) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja00079a052 · Cited by 892 · see citing works
RNA Toxicity from the ALS/FTD C9ORF72 Expansion Is Mitigated by Antisense Intervention
Donnelly, C. J., Zhang, P.-W., Pham, J. T., Haeusler, A. R., Mistry, N. A., Vidensky, S., Daley, E. L., Poth, E. M., Hoover, B., Fines, D. M., et al. (2013) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.10.015 · Cited by 877 · see citing works
Self-citationCheatham, T. E., Miller, J. L., Fox, T., Darden, T., & Kollman, P. A. (1995) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja00119a045 · Cited by 862 · see citing works
GGGGCC repeat expansion in C9orf72 compromises nucleocytoplasmic transport
Freibaum, B. D., Lu, Y., Lopez-Gonzalez, R., Kim, N. C., Almeida, S., Lee, K.-H., Badders, N., Valentine, M., Miller, B. L., Wong, P. C., et al. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature14974 · Cited by 841 · see citing works
Self-citationRAN proteins and RNA foci from antisense transcripts in C9ORF72 ALS and frontotemporal dementia
Zu, T., Liu, Y., Báñez-Coronel, M., Reid, T. S., Pletniková, O., Lewis, J. M., Miller, T. M., Harms, M. B., Falchook, A. E., Subramony, S. H., et al. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1315438110 · Cited by 748 · see citing works
Self-citationSareen, D., O’Rourke, J. G., Meera, P., Muhammad, A. K. M. G., Grant, S., Simpkinson, M., Bell, S., Carmona, S., Ornelas, L., Sahabian, A., et al. (2013) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3007529 · Cited by 670 · see citing works
Self-citationGendron, T. F., Bieniek, K. F., Zhang, Y., Jansen‐West, K. R., Ash, P. E. A., Caulfield, T. R., Daughrity, L. M., Dunmore, J., Castanedes‐Casey, M., Chew, J., et al. (2013) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-013-1192-8 · Cited by 569 · see citing works
Self-citationLagier‐Tourenne, C., Baughn, M. W., Rigo, F., Sun, S., Liu, P., Li, H., Jiang, J., Watt, A. T., Chun, S. J., Katz, M., et al. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1318835110 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
Ratni, H., Ebeling, M., Baird, J. D., Bendels, S., Bylund, J., Chen, K. S., Denk, N., Feng, Z., Green, L., Guérard, M., et al. (2018) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00741 · Cited by 545 · see citing works
Jiang, J., Zhu, Q., Gendron, T. F., Saberi, S., McAlonis-Downes, M., Seelman, A., Stauffer, J. E., Jafar-nejad, P., Drenner, K., Schulte, D., et al. (2016) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.04.006 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
Self-citationMori, K., Arzberger, T., Grässer, F. A., Gijselinck, I., May, S., Rentzsch, K., Weng, S., Schludi, M. H., van der Zee, J., Cruts, M., et al. (2013) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-013-1189-3 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
RNA-MEDIATED NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERS
Ranum, L. P. W., & Cooper, T. A. (2006) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.113014 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
Johannes, G., Carter, M. S., Eisen, M. B., Brown, P. O., & Sarnow, P. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.23.13118 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Reversal of RNA Dominance by Displacement of Protein Sequestered on Triplet Repeat RNA
Wheeler, T. M., Sobczak, K., Lueck, J. D., Osborne, R. J., Lin, X., Dirksen, R. T., & Thornton, C. A. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1173110 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
C9orf72 BAC Mouse Model with Motor Deficits and Neurodegenerative Features of ALS/FTD
Liu, Y., Pattamatta, A., Zu, T., Reid, T. S., Bardhi, O., Borchelt, D., Yachnis, A. T., & Ranum, L. P. W. (2016) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.04.005 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Su, Z., Zhang, Y., Gendron, T. F., Bauer, P. O., Chew, J., Yang, W.-Y., Fostvedt, E., Jansen‐West, K. R., Belzil, V., Desaro, P., et al. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.07.041 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Self-citationBeck, J., Poulter, M., Hensman, D., Rohrer, J. D., Mahoney, C. J., Adamson, G., Campbell, T., Uphill, J., Borg, A., Fratta, P., et al. (2013) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.01.011 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Sequence-based design of bioactive small molecules that target precursor microRNAs
Velagapudi, S. P., Gallo, S. M., & Disney, M. D. (2014) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/nchembio.1452 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Self-citationReddy, K., Zamiri, B., Stanley, S. Y., Macgregor, R. B., & Pearson, C. E. (2013) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.c113.452532 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Kim, H. J., & Taylor, J. P. (2017) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.07.029 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
van Blitterswijk, M., DeJesus‐Hernandez, M., Niemantsverdriet, E., Murray, M. E., Heckman, M. G., Diehl, N. N., Brown, P. H., Baker, M., Finch, N. A., Bauer, P. O., et al. (2013) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70210-2 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Self-citationGendron, T. F., Chew, J., Stankowski, J. N., Hayes, L. R., Zhang, Y.-J., Prudencio, M., Carlomagno, Y., Daughrity, L. M., Jansen-West, K., Perkerson, E. A., et al. (2017) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aai7866 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Self-citationInforna 2.0: A Platform for the Sequence-Based Design of Small Molecules Targeting Structured RNAs
Disney, M. D., Winkelsas, A. M., Velagapudi, S. P., Southern, M. R., Fallahi, M., & Childs‐Disney, J. L. (2016) · ACS Chemical Biology · doi:10.1021/acschembio.6b00001 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Self-citationHu, J., Matsui, M., Gagnon, K. T., Schwartz, J. C., Gabillet, S., Arar, K., Wu, J., Борисович, Б. И., & Corey, D. R. (2009) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.1539 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Zamiri, B., Reddy, K., Macgregor, R. B., & Pearson, C. E. (2013) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.c113.502336 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
RNA structure of trinucleotide repeats associated with human neurological diseases
Sobczak, K. (2003) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkg766 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Sangster, M. J. L., & Atwood, R. M. (1978) · Journal of Physics C Solid State Physics · doi:10.1088/0022-3719/11/8/015 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
G‐quadruplex‐binding small molecules ameliorate C9orf72 FTD/ALS pathology in vitro and in vivo
Simone, R., Balendra, R., Moens, T. G., Preza, E., Wilson, K. M., Heslegrave, A., Woodling, N. S., Niccoli, T., Gilbert‐Jaramillo, J., Abdelkarim, S., et al. (2017) · EMBO Molecular Medicine · doi:10.15252/emmm.201707850 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Small Molecule Targeted Recruitment of a Nuclease to RNA
Costales, M. G., Matsumoto, Y., Velagapudi, S. P., & Disney, M. D. (2018) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.8b01233 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Self-citationThe neuropathology associated with repeat expansions in the C9ORF72 gene
Mackenzie, I. R. A., Frick, P., & Neumann, M. (2014) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-013-1232-4 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Precise small-molecule recognition of a toxic CUG RNA repeat expansion
Rzuczek, S. G., Colgan, L. A., Nakai, Y., Cameron, M. D., Furling, D., Yasuda, R., & Disney, M. D. (2016) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/nchembio.2251 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Self-citationDisney, M. D. (2019) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.8b13419 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Self-citationCostales, M. G., Aikawa, H., Li, Y., Childs‐Disney, J. L., Abegg, D., Hoch, D. G., Velagapudi, S. P., Nakai, Y., Khan, T. M., Wang, K. W., et al. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1914286117 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Self-citationStructure of Human RNase L Reveals the Basis for Regulated RNA Decay in the IFN Response
Han, Y., Donovan, J., Rath, S. P., Whitney, G., Chitrakar, A., & Korennykh, A. V. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1249845 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Messenger RNA translation state: The second dimension of high-throughput expression screening
Zong, Q., Schummer, M., Hood, L., & Morris, D. R. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.19.10632 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Mechanisms of RNA-induced toxicity in CAG repeat disorders
Nalavade, R., Griesche, N., Ryan, D. P., Hildebrand, S., & Krauß, S. (2013) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/cddis.2013.276 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Chew, J., Cook, C. N., Gendron, T. F., Jansen‐West, K. R., del Rosso, G., Daughrity, L. M., Castanedes‐Casey, M., Kurti, A., Stankowski, J. N., Disney, M. D., et al. (2019) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-019-0310-z · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Self-citationG4C2 Repeat RNA Initiates a POM121-Mediated Reduction in Specific Nucleoporins in C9orf72 ALS/FTD
Coyne, A. N., Zaepfel, B. L., Hayes, L., Fitchman, B., Salzberg, Y., Luo, E.-C., Bowen, K., Trost, H., Aigner, S., Rigo, F., et al. (2020) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2020.06.027 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Self-citationCostales, M. G., Suresh, B. M., Vishnu, K., & Disney, M. D. (2019) · Cell chemical biology · doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.04.008 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Self-citationSmall-molecule activators of RNase L with broad-spectrum antiviral activity
Thakur, C. S., Jha, B. K., Dong, B., Gupta, J. D., Silverman, K. M., Mao, H., Sawai, H., Nakamura, A., Banerjee, A. K., Gudkov, A. V., et al. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0700590104 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Precise small-molecule cleavage of an r(CUG) repeat expansion in a myotonic dystrophy mouse model
Angelbello, A. J., Rzuczek, S. G., McKee, K., Chen, J. L., Olafson, H. R., Cameron, M. D., Moss, W. N., Wang, E. T., & Disney, M. D. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1901484116 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-citationZhang, P., Park, H.-J., Zhang, J., Junn, E., Andrews, R. J., Velagapudi, S. P., Abegg, D., Vishnu, K., Costales, M. G., Childs‐Disney, J. L., et al. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1905057117 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Self-citationIntron retention induced by microsatellite expansions as a disease biomarker
Sznajder, Ł. J., Thomas, J. D., Carrell, E. M., Reid, T. S., McFarland, K. N., Cleary, J. D., Oliveira, R., Nutter, C. A., Bhatt, K. S., Sobczak, K., et al. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1716617115 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Wang, Z.-F., Ursu, A., Childs‐Disney, J. L., Guertler, R., Yang, W.-Y., Bernat, V., Rzuczek, S. G., Fuerst, R., Zhang, Y., Gendron, T. F., et al. (2018) · Cell chemical biology · doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.10.018 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationDouble setback for ASO trials in Huntington disease
Kingwell, K. (2021) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/d41573-021-00088-6 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Repeat associated non-ATG (RAN) translation: new starts in microsatellite expansion disorders
Cleary, J. D., & Ranum, L. P. W. (2014) · Current Opinion in Genetics & Development · doi:10.1016/j.gde.2014.03.002 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Yamada, S. B., Gendron, T. F., Niccoli, T., Genuth, N. R., Grosely, R., Shi, Y., Glaria, I., Kramer, N. J., Nakayama, L., Fang, S., et al. (2019) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-019-0455-7 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationInduction and reversal of myotonic dystrophy type 1 pre-mRNA splicing defects by small molecules
Childs‐Disney, J. L., Stępniak-Konieczna, E., Tran, T. A., Yildirim, I., Park, H., Chen, C. Z., Hoskins, J. W., Southall, N. T., Marugán, J., Patnaik, S., et al. (2013) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms3044 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationGuan, L., & Disney, M. D. (2013) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201301639 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationRNA-binding proteins in microsatellite expansion disorders: Mediators of RNA toxicity
Echeverria, G. V., & Cooper, T. A. (2012) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2012.02.030 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Design, Optimization, and Study of Small Molecules That Target Tau Pre-mRNA and Affect Splicing
Chen, J. L., Zhang, P., Abe, M., Aikawa, H., Zhang, L., Frank, A. J., Zembryski, T., Hubbs, C., Park, H., Withka, J. M., et al. (2020) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.0c00768 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationSmall molecules that target group II introns are potent antifungal agents
Fedorova, O., Jagdmann, G. E., Adams, R. L., Yuan, L., Zandt, M. C. V., & Pyle, A. M. (2018) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/s41589-018-0142-0 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Molecular Architecture of CAG Repeats in Human Disease Related Transcripts
Michlewski, G., & Krzyżosiak, W. J. (2004) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2004.05.021 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Structure of the Myotonic Dystrophy Type 2 RNA and Designed Small Molecules That Reduce Toxicity
Childs‐Disney, J. L., Yildirim, I., Park, H., Lohman, J. R., Guan, L., Tran, T. A., Sarkar, P. S., Schatz, G. C., & Disney, M. D. (2013) · ACS Chemical Biology · doi:10.1021/cb4007387 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationInhibition of Non-ATG Translational Events in Cells via Covalent Small Molecules Targeting RNA
Yang, W., Wilson, H. D., Velagapudi, S. P., & Disney, M. D. (2015) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja507448y · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationRNA–protein interactions in unstable microsatellite diseases
Mohan, A., Goodwin, M., & Swanson, M. S. (2014) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2014.03.039 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Childs‐Disney, J. L., Tran, T. A., Vummidi, B. R., Velagapudi, S. P., Haniff, H. S., Matsumoto, Y., Crynen, G. C., Southern, M. R., Biswas, A., Wang, Z.-F., et al. (2018) · Chem · doi:10.1016/j.chempr.2018.08.003 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationYang, W.-Y., He, F., Strack, R. L., Oh, S. Y., Frazer, M. A., Jaffrey, S. R., Todd, P. K., & Disney, M. D. (2016) · ACS Chemical Biology · doi:10.1021/acschembio.6b00147 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationBusan, S., & Weeks, K. M. (2013) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi401129r · Cited by 37 · see citing works
An efficient modification of ellipticine synthesis and preparation of 13-hydroxyellipticine
Dračínský, M., Sejbal, J., Rygerová, B., & Stiborová, M. (2007) · Tetrahedron Letters · doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.07.160 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Cao, Y., & Yang, J. (2014) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc500146p · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Bleomycin Can Cleave an Oncogenic Noncoding RNA
Angelbello, A. J., & Disney, M. D. (2017) · ChemBioChem · doi:10.1002/cbic.201700581 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationShan, M., Bujotzek, A., Abendroth, F., Wellner, A., Gust, R., Seitz, O., Weber, M., & Haag, R. (2011) · ChemBioChem · doi:10.1002/cbic.201100529 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Ursu, A., Wang, K. W., Bush, J. A., Choudhary, S., Chen, J. L., Baisden, J. T., Zhang, Y., Gendron, T. F., Petrucelli, L., Yildirim, I., et al. (2020) · ACS Chemical Biology · doi:10.1021/acschembio.0c00049 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationA Peptidylic Inhibitor for Neutralizing (GGGGCC)-Associated Neurodegeneration in C9ALS-FTD
Zhang, Q., An, Y., Chen, Z. S., Koon, A. C., Lau, K., Ngo, J. C. K., & Chan, H. Y. E. (2019) · Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2019.02.015 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Optimized methods for preparation of 6I-(ω-sulfanyl-alkylene-sulfanyl)-β-cyclodextrin derivatives
Bednářová, E., Hybelbauerová, S., & Jindřich, J. (2016) · Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry · doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.38 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Synthesis of Mono Protected 1,10‐Diaza‐18‐Crown‐6
Mandl, C. P., & König, B. (2004) · Synthetic Communications · doi:10.1081/scc-200031029 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 80 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Targeting RNA structures with small molecules
Childs‐Disney, J. L., Yang, X., Gibaut, Q. M. R., Tong, Y., Batey, R., & Disney, M. D. (2022) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41573-022-00521-4 · Cited by 599 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetics of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: seeking therapeutic targets in the era of gene therapy
Suzuki, N., Nishiyama, A., Warita, H., & Aoki, M. (2022) · Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/s10038-022-01055-8 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Progress and Challenges in Targeted Protein Degradation for Neurodegenerative Disease Therapy
Fang, Y., Wang, J., Zhao, M., Zheng, Q., Ren, C., Wang, Y., & Zhang, J. (2022) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00844 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Antiviral PROTACs: Opportunity borne with challenge
Liang, J., Wu, Y., Lan, K., Dong, C., Wu, S., Li, S., & Zhou, H. (2023) · Cell Insight · doi:10.1016/j.cellin.2023.100092 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Nucleic-Acid-Based Targeted Degradation in Drug Discovery
Wang, W., He, S., Dong, G., & Sheng, C. (2022) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00875 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Clinical Translation of Targeted Protein Degraders
Kong, N. R., & Jones, L. H. (2023) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cpt.2985 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Mizielinska, S., Hautbergue, G. M., Gendron, T. F., van Blitterswijk, M., Hardiman, O. M., Ravits, J., Isaacs, A. M., & Rademakers, R. (2025) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(25)00026-2 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationAdvancing Targeted Protein Degradation via Multiomics Profiling and Artificial Intelligence
Duran-Frigola, M., Cigler, M., & Winter, G. E. (2023) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.2c11098 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
RNA-Binding Small Molecules in Drug Discovery and Delivery: An Overview from Fundamentals
Chen, S., Mao, Q., Cheng, H. B., & Tai, W. (2024) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c01330 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Induced proximity-based therapeutic modalities
King, E. A., Meyers, M., & Nomura, D. K. (2025) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41573-025-01316-z · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Disrupting pathologic phase transitions in neurodegeneration
Hurtle, B. T., Xie, L., & Donnelly, C. J. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci168549 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Pilotto, F., Schmitz, A., Maharjan, N., Diab, R., Odriozola, A., Tripathi, P., Yamoah, A., Scheidegger, O., Oestmann, A., Dennys, C. N., et al. (2022) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-022-02494-5 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Czuppa, M., Dhingra, A., Zhou, Q., Schludi, C., König, L. E., Scharf, E., Farny, D., Dalmia, A., Täger, J., Castillo-Lizardo, M., et al. (2022) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110913 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Sattler, R., Traynor, B. J., Robertson, J., Bosch, L. V. D., Barmada, S. J., Svendsen, C. N., Disney, M. D., Gendron, T. F., Wong, P. C., Turner, M. R., et al. (2023) · Neurology and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40120-023-00548-8 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationLiang, X., Ren, H., Han, F., Liang, R., Zhao, J., & Liu, H. S. (2023) · Medicinal Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/med.21992 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
RNATACs: Multispecific small molecules targeting RNA by induced proximity
Song, Y., Cui, J., Zhu, J., Kim, B., Kuo, M.-L., & Potts, P. R. (2024) · Cell chemical biology · doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2024.05.006 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Kempthorne, L., Vaizoglu, D., Cammack, A. J., Carcolé, M., Roberts, M. J., Mikheenko, A., Fisher, A., Suklai, P., Muralidharan, B., Kroll, F., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-55550-x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, Y., Wang, J., Yan, Z., Hou, J., Wan, L., Yang, Y., Liu, Y., Yi, J., Guo, P., & Han, D. (2024) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkae032 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Chen, X., Ding, J., Hu, G.-S., Shu, X.-Y., Liu, Y., Du, J., Wen, Z., Liu, J., Huang, H., Tang, G., et al. (2023) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202206663 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Targeting RNA with small molecules, from RNA structures to precision medicines: IUPHAR review: 40
Tong, Y., Childs‐Disney, J. L., & Disney, M. D. (2024) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.17308 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationBush, J. A., Meyer, S. M., Fuerst, R., Tong, Y., Li, Y., Benhamou, R. I., Aikawa, H., Zanon, P. R. A., Gibaut, Q. M. R., Angelbello, A. J., et al. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2210532119 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationTargeted Degradation of Structured RNAs via Ribonuclease-Targeting Chimeras (RiboTacs)
Haj-Yahia, S., Nandi, A., & Benhamou, R. I. (2023) · Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery · doi:10.1080/17460441.2023.2224960 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationHautke, A., Voronin, A., Idiris, F., Riel, A., Lindner, F., Lelievre, A., Zhu, J., Appel, B., Fatti, E., Weis, K., et al. (2023) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.2c13653 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Transcriptome-Wide, Unbiased Profiling of Ribonuclease Targeting Chimeras
Tong, Y., Su, X., Rouse, W. B., Childs‐Disney, J. L., Taghavi, A., Zanon, P. R. A., Kovachka, S., Wang, T., Moss, W. N., & Disney, M. D. (2024) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.4c04717 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationBonet‐Aleta, J., Maehara, T., Craig, B. A., & Bernardes, G. J. L. (2024) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.202412925 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Tang, Z., Hegde, S., Hao, S., Selvaraju, M., Qiu, J., & Wang, J. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-55608-w · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Synthesis and evaluation of RNase L-binding 2-aminothiophenes as anticancer agents
Hwang, J., Qiu, X., Borgelt, L., Haacke, N., Kanis, L., Petroulia, S., Gasper, R., Schiller, D., Lampe, P., Sievers, S., et al. (2022) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116653 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Exploring the therapeutic potential of modulating nonsense-mediated mRNA decay
McMahon, M., & Maquat, L. E. (2024) · RNA · doi:10.1261/rna.080334.124 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Discovery of RNA‐Targeting Small Molecules: Challenges and Future Directions
Cai, Z., Ma, H., Ye, F., Lei, D., Deng, Z., Li, Y., Gu, R., & Wen, H. (2025) · MedComm · doi:10.1002/mco2.70342 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationPilotto, F., Smeele, P. H., Scheidegger, O., Diab, R., Schobesberger, M., Sierra-Delgado, J. A., & Saxena, S. (2025) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-025-01927-y · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Targeting Ribonucleases with Small Molecules and Bifunctional Molecules
Borgelt, L., & Wu, P. (2023) · ACS Chemical Biology · doi:10.1021/acschembio.3c00191 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Ge, R., Chen, M., Li, Q., Liu, M., Zhou, J., & Xie, S. (2025) · Acta Pharmacologica Sinica · doi:10.1038/s41401-025-01538-2 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Deciphering the regulatory landscape of enhancer RNAs in health and disease
Wang, Q., ten Dijke, P., & Fan, C. (2026) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-025-02436-z · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The Druggable Transcriptome Project: From Chemical Probes to Precision Medicines
Disney, M. D. (2025) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.biochem.5c00006 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationAberrant protein aggregation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Wang, H., & Zeng, R. (2024) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-024-12485-z · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Yang, X., Wang, J., Springer, N. A., Zanon, P. R. A., Jia, Y., Su, X., & Disney, M. D. (2025) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkaf231 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationLi, Y., Zhou, H., Liu, H., Gan, Y., Zheng, Y., Sheng, J., & Wang, R. (2023) · The Journal of Organic Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.joc.2c02922 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationHeterobifunctional small molecules to modulate RNA function
Kovachka, S., Tong, Y., Childs‐Disney, J. L., & Disney, M. D. (2024) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2024.03.006 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationLuteijn, M. J., Bhaskar, V., Trojer, D., Schürz, M., Mahboubi, H., Handl, C., Pizzato, N., Pfeifer, M., Dafinca, R., Voshol, H., et al. (2025) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkaf253 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Small-molecule screening of ribonuclease L binders for RNA degradation
Borgelt, L., Haacke, N., Lampe, P., Qiu, X., Gasper, R., Schiller, D., Hwang, J., Sievers, S., & Wu, P. (2022) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113589 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Gan, Y., Chen, X., Li, Y., Guo, Y., & Wang, R. (2023) · The Journal of Organic Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.joc.3c00904 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationRNA G‐Quadruplex RIBOTAC‐Mediated Targeted Degradation of lncRNA TERRA
Khaskia, E., Dahatonde, D., & Benhamou, R. I. (2025) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202512715 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationMajor Advances in Emerging Degrader Technologies
Luo, H., Wu, L., He, Y., Qin, C., & Tang, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2022.921958 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Therapeutic Approaches for C9ORF72-Related ALS: Current Strategies and Future Horizons
Cattaneo, M., Giagnorio, E., Lauria, G., & Marcuzzo, S. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26136268 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Shi, Y., Feng, D., Zhou, J., Liu, L., Li, X., Yuan, Z., Wu, J., & Yao, H. (2025) · Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B · doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2025.12.010 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
High-Resolution NMR Structures of Intrastrand Hairpins Formed by CTG Trinucleotide Repeats
Wan, L., He, A., Li, J., Guo, P., & Han, D. (2024) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00769 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Aspects of degradation and translation of the expanded C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat RNA
Mori, K., Gotoh, S., & Ikeda, M. (2023) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.15847 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Drugging “undruggable” neurodegenerative disease targets with small molecules
Lü, J., Li, Z., Gitler, A. D., & Lu, B. (2023) · 中国科学通报:英文版 · doi:10.1016/j.scib.2023.07.006 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Mechanistic studies of small molecule ligands selective to RNA single G bulges
Hegde, S., Akhter, S., Tang, Z., Qi, C., Yu, C., Lewicka, A., Liu, Y., Koirala, K., Reibarkh, M., Battaile, K. P., et al. (2025) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkaf559 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Fueling the revolution: RIBOTACs manipulating RNA decay
Zhou, W., Jin, J., Chen, H., Zhang, W., & Luan, X. (2025) · Trends in cancer · doi:10.1016/j.trecan.2025.08.011 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Targeting Pathogenic DNA and RNA Repeats: A Conceptual Therapeutic Way for Repeat Expansion Diseases
Guo, P., & Han, D. (2022) · Chemistry - A European Journal · doi:10.1002/chem.202201749 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Kodadek, T. J. (2023) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.202316726 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Dynamic docking of small molecules targeting RNA CUG repeats causing myotonic dystrophy type 1
Wang, K. W., Riveros, I., DeLoye, J., & Yildirim, I. (2022) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2022.11.010 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationPROTACs for central nervous system disorders: challenges and opportunities
Zheng, N., Shao, J., Xiong, B., Wei, Y., Wang, X., Zhou, Y., Song, Z., Zhang, A., Xu, C., Zhao, Q., et al. (2026) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2026.118703 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Multifaceted targeted protein degradation systems for different cellular compartments
Zorca, C. E., Fallahi, A., Luo, S., & Eldeeb, M. A. (2022) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.202200008 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Zhang, P., Taghavi, A., Abe, M., Aikawa, H., Akahori, Y., Chen, J. L., Tong, Y., Baisden, J. T., Cameron, M. D., Childs‐Disney, J. L., et al. (2025) · ACS Chemical Biology · doi:10.1021/acschembio.5c00260 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationShan, J., Taghavi, A., Caine, E. A., Sekioka, R., Rajchin, V., Burke, J. M., Watkins, J. M., Childs‐Disney, J. L., & Disney, M. D. (2025) · ACS Central Science · doi:10.1021/acscentsci.5c00705 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationEngineered GM1 Intersects Between Mitochondrial and Synaptic Pathways to Ameliorate ALS Pathology
Pilotto, F., Toth, T. D., Bond, S., Schmitz, A., Diab, R., Tenlep, S. Y. N., Mooney, B., Erni, S., Schobesberger, M., Scheidegger, O., et al. (2026) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202514128 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mechanistic Studies of Small Molecule Ligands Selective to RNA Single G BulgesPreprint
Hegde, S., Akhter, S., Tang, Z., Qi, C., Yu, C., Lewicka, A., Liu, B., Koirala, K., Reibarkh, M., Battaile, K. P., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.10.14.618236 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Degrading disease-causing RNA in ALS
Cully, M. (2021) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/d41573-021-00189-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Small Molecules Targeting Repeat Sequences Causing Neurological Disorders
Das, B., Shibata, T., & Nakatani, K. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-9776-1_68 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
RNAs in the diagnosis and treatment of major diseases
Huang, D., Zhang, T., Jiang, X., Li, J., Yan, Z., Sun, R., Su, S., & Hong, W. (2024) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/tb-2024-0523 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Yildirim, I., Andrałojć, W., Taghavi, A., Baranowski, D., Gdaniec, Z., Kierzek, R., & Kierzek, E. (2024) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkae1222 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationScreening and Lead Generation Techniques for RNA Binders
Frey, G., Sega, E. G., & Lajkiewicz, N. J. (2024) · Methods and principles in medicinal chemistry · doi:10.1002/9783527840458.ch4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Small Molecules Targeting Repeat Sequences Causing Neurological Disorders
Das, B., Shibata, T., & Nakatani, K. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-1313-5_68-1
Extending the Degradation Toolkit – mRNA Targeting as an Alternative Means to Affect Protein Levels
Ursu, A., Herdy, B., & Osadnik, H. (2022) · doi:10.1002/9783527836208.ch9
Self-citationThe Future of Heterobifunctional Compounds: PROTACs and Beyond
Burslem, G. M. (2022) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9783527836208.ch10
Kodadek, T. J. (2023) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.202316726
Shelkovnikova, T. A., & Hautbergue, G. M. (2024) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2024.04.009
Small Molecules That Degrade RNA
Springer, N. A., Meyer, S. M., Taghavi, A., Childs‐Disney, J. L., & Disney, M. D. (2024) · Methods and principles in medicinal chemistry · doi:10.1002/9783527840458.ch9
Self-citationBonet‐Aleta, J., Maehara, T., Craig, B. A., & Bernardes, G. J. L. (2024) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.202412925
Garner, A. L., Bonnet, M., Carozza, C. A., Eby, O. G., & Dean, M. E. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-29808-0.00015-7
Yang, X., Taghavi, A., Akahori, Y., Pedrini, M., Ishii, T. M., & Disney, M. D. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.11.06.686979
Self-citationOpportunities and challenges in targeted protein degradation for antiviral drug discovery
Zhu, M., Yang, M., & Zhou, H. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-36518-8.00029-1
Yang, X., Taghavi, A., Akahori, Y., Pedrini, M., Ishii, T., & Disney, M. D. (2026) · ACS Chemical Biology · doi:10.1021/acschembio.6c00337
Self-citationSmall-molecule-mediated RNA targeting: emerging strategies and therapeutic potential of RiboTAC
Zhou, W., 金锦梅, Wu, Y., 陈红专, Zhang, W., & Luan, X. (2026) · Targetome · doi:10.48130/targetome-0026-0023
RIBOTAC-mediated degradation of hsa-microRNA-301a-3p suppresses TNBC bone metastasis
Zhou, W., Jin, J., Liang, X., Yan, Y., Xiong, Q., Lu, D., Chen, H., Wu, Y., Zhang, W., & Luan, X. (2026) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aeh7999
BindingDB Entry 50016515: Nucleic-Acid-Based Targeted Degradation in Drug Discovery.
BindingDB (2023) · UC San Diego · doi:10.7270/q2k35zpc
- Authors
- Bush, J. A., Aikawa, H., Fuerst, R., Li, Y., Ursu, A., Meyer, S. M., Benhamou, R. I., Chen, J. L., Khan, T., Wagner-Griffin, S., Van Meter, M. J., Tong, Y., Olafson, H., McKee, K. K., Childs-Disney, J. L., Gendron, T. F., Zhang, Y., Coyne, A. N., Wang, E. T., Yildirim, I., Wang, K. W., Petrucelli, L., Rothstein, J. D., & Disney, M. D.
- Affiliations
- Scripps Research Institute (US)
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
- University of Florida (US)
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Florida Atlantic University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Aikawa, Haruo
- Fuerst, Rita
- Li, Yue
- Ursu, Andrei
- Disney, Matthew D.
- ORCID
- Bush, Jessica A.
- Aikawa, Haruo
- Li, Yue
- Ursu, Andrei
- Meyer, Samantha M.
- Benhamou, Raphael I.
- Chen, Jonathan L.
- Khan, Tanya
- Wagner-Griffin, Sarah
- Van Meter, Montina J.
- Tong, Yuquan
- McKee, Kendra K.
- Gendron, Tania F.
- Zhang, Yongjie
- Coyne, Alyssa N.
- Wang, Eric T.
- Yildirim, Ilyas
- Wang, Kye Won
- Petrucelli, Leonard
- Rothstein, Jeffrey D.
- Disney, Matthew D.
- Venue
- Science Translational Medicine
- Published
- 2021-10-27
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 617
- Pages
- eabd5991-eabd5991
- ISSN
- 1946-6234 (ISSN-L)
- 1946-6242
- PMC
- PMC9533739
- OpenAlex
- W3208479311
- Cited by
- 77
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 6.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Science Translational Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1s10od021550-01a1)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (P01NS099114, DP1NS096898, R35NS097273, R35NS116846)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Genetic Neurodegenerative Diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA and Nucleic Acid Chemistry
- Keywords
- C9orf72 repeat expansion, small molecules, RNA-targeted therapeutics, in vitro model, in vivo models, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia
- MeSH terms
- C9orf72 Protein, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Humans, Ribonucleases, DNA Repeat Expansion, Frontotemporal Dementia
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review