The DOI matches its Crossref record; 11 of the 11 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Antifungal Agents: Mode of Action, Mechanisms of Resistance, and Correlation of These Mechanisms with Bacterial Resistance
Open accessAbstract
SUMMARY: The increased use of antibacterial and antifungal agents in recent years has resulted in the development of resistance to these drugs. The significant clinical implication of resistance has led to heightened interest in the study of antimicrobial resistance from different angles. Areas addressed include mechanisms underlying this resistance, improved methods to detect resistance when it occurs, alternate options for the treatment of infections caused by resistant organisms, and strategies to prevent and control the emergence and spread of resistance. In this review, the mode of action of antifungals and their mechanisms of resistance are discussed. Additionally, an attempt is made to discuss the correlation between fungal and bacterial resistance. Antifungals can be grouped into three classes based on their site of action: azoles, which inhibit the synthesis of ergosterol (the main fungal sterol); polyenes, which interact with fungal membrane sterols physicochemically; and 5-fluorocytosine, which inhibits macromolecular synthesis. Many different types of mechanisms contribute to the development of resistance to antifungals. These mechanisms include alteration in drug target, alteration in sterol biosynthesis, reduction in the intercellular concentration of target enzyme, and overexpression of the antifungal drug target. Although the comparison between the mechanisms of resistance to antifungals and antibacterials is necessarily limited by several factors defined in the review, a correlation between the two exists. For example, modification of enzymes which serve as targets for antimicrobial action and the involvement of membrane pumps in the extrusion of drugs are well characterized in both the eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Current and emerging azole antifungal agents
Sheehan, D. J., Hitchcock, C. A., & Sibley, C. M. (1999) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.12.1.40 · Cited by 1,137
Rex, J. H., Pfaller, M. A., Galgiani, J. N., Bartlett, M. S., Espinel-Ingroff, A., Ghannoum, M. A., Lancaster, M., Odds, F. C., Rinaldi, M. G., Walsh, T. J., et al. (1997) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/clinids/24.2.235 · Cited by 855
Self-citationHospital-Acquired Candidemia: The Attributable Mortality and Excess Length of Stay
Wey, S. B. (1988) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.1988.00380120094019 · Cited by 831
White, T. C. (1997) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.41.7.1482 · Cited by 612
Prasad, R., De Wergifosse, P., Goffeau, A., & Balzi, E. (1995) · Current Genetics · doi:10.1007/bf00352101 · Cited by 486
Redding, S., Smith, J., Farinacci, G., Rinaldi, M., Fothergill, A., Rhine-Chalberg, J., & Pfaller, M. (1994) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/clinids/18.2.240 · Cited by 269
Mode of action of 5-fluorocytosine and mechanisms of resistance
Polak, A., & Scholer, H. J. (2009) · Chemotherapy · doi:10.1159/000221854 · Cited by 250 · cited 2×
“albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans is attributable to mutational loss of one of the pyrimidine salvage enzymes (99, 108, 150).”
BackgroundCompounds active against cell walls of medically important fungi
Hector, R. F. (1993) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.6.1.1 · Cited by 242
Mechanism of Fluconazole Resistance in Candida krusei
Orozco, A. S., Higginbotham, L. M., Hitchcock, C. A., Parkinson, T., Falconer, D., Ibrahim, A. S., Ghannoum, M. A., & Filler, S. G. (1998) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.42.10.2645 · Cited by 218
Self-citationGeber, A., Hitchcock, C. A., Swartz, J. E., Pullen, F. S., Marsden, K. E., Kwon-Chung, K. J., & Bennett, J. E. (1995) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.39.12.2708 · Cited by 203
Cited by
Hyldgaard, M., Mygind, T., & Meyer, R. L. (2012) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2012.00012 · Cited by 2,191
Silva, S., Negri, M., Henriques, M., Oliveira, R., Williams, D. W., & Azeredo, J. (2012) · FEMS Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00278.x · Cited by 969
The biology and chemistry of antifungal agents: A review
Kathiravan, M. K., Salake, A. B., Chothe, A. S., Dudhe, P. B., Watode, R. P., Mukta, M. S., & Gadhwe, S. (2012) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2012.04.045 · Cited by 664
Antifungal drug resistance of pathogenic fungi
Kontoyiannis, D. P., & Lewis, R. E. (2002) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)08162-x · Cited by 553
Mukherjee, P. K., Chandra, J., Kuhn, D. M., & Ghannoum, M. A. (2003) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.71.8.4333-4340.2003 · Cited by 511
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Ghannoum, M. A., & Rice, L. B.
- Venue
- Clinical Microbiology Reviews
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 1999-10
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 501-517
- ISSN
- 0893-8512 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-6618
- OpenAlex
- W2144149632
- Cited by
- 1,785
- References
- 11
- FWCI
- 13.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Antifungal Agents: Mode of Action, Mechanisms of Resistance, and Correlation of These Mechanisms with Bacterial Resistance. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1128/cmr.12.4.501
- The paper
- Ghannoum, M. A., & Rice, L. B. (1999). Antifungal Agents: Mode of Action, Mechanisms of Resistance, and Correlation of These Mechanisms with Bacterial Resistance. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.12.4.501
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
